G1097 — γινώσκω
(Attic γιγνώσκω, see γίνομαι at the beginning; from ΓΝΟΩ, as βιβρώσκω from ΒΡΟΩ); (imperfect ἐγίνωσκον); future γνώσομαι; 2 aorist ἔγνων (from ΓΝΩΜΙ), imperative γνῶθι, γνώτω, subjunctive γνῷ (3 person singular γνοῖ, [Mar 5:43]; [Mar 9:30]; [Luk 19:15] L T Tr WH, for R G γνῷ (Buttmann, p. 46 (40); cf. δίδωμι at the beginning)), infinitive γνῶναι, participle γνούς; perfect ἔγνωκα ([Joh 17:7]; [Joh 17:3] person plural ἔγνωκαν for ἐγνωκασι, see references in γίνομαι at the beginning); pluperfect ἐγνώκειν; passive (present 3 person singular γινώσκεται ([Mar 13:28] Tr marginal reading)); perfect ἐγνωσμαι; 1 aorist ἐγνώσθην; future γνωσθήσομαί; in Greek writings from Homer down; the Sept. for יָדַע; Latinnosco,novi (i. e.gnosco, gnovi);
I. universally:
1. to learn to know, come to know, get a knowledge of; passive to become known: with the accusative, [Mat 22:18]; [Mar 5:43]; [Act 21:34]; [1Co 4:19]; [2Co 2:4]; [Col 4:8]; [1Th 3:5], etc. Passive, [Mat 10:26]; [Act 9:24]; [Phi 4:5], etc.; (impersonally, γινώσκεται, [Mar 13:28] Tr marginal reading T 2, 7); τί ἐκ τίνος, [Mat 12:33]; [Luk 6:44]; [1Jo 4:6]; τινα or τί ἐν τίνι, to find a sign in a thing by which to know, to recognize in or by something, [Luk 24:35]; [Joh 13:35]; [1Jo 4:2]; κατά τί γνώσομαι τοῦτο, the truth of this promise, [Luk 1:18] ([Gen 15:8]); περί τῆς διδαχῆς, [Joh 7:17]. often the object is not added, but is readily understood from what precedes: [Mat 9:30]; [Mat 12:15] (the consultation held by the Pharisees); [Mar 7:24] (he would have no one know that he was present): [Mar 9:30]; [Rom 10:19], etc.; followed by ὅτι, [Mat 21:45]; [Joh 4:1]; [Joh 5:6]; [Joh 12:9], etc.; followed by the interrogative τί, [Mat 6:3]; [Luk 16:4]; ἀπό τίνος to learn from one, [Mar 15:45]. with the accusative of person to recognize as worthy of intimacy and love, to own; so those whom God has judged worthy of the blessings of the gospel are said ὑπό τοῦ Θεοῦ γινώσκεσθαι, [1Co 8:3]; [Gal 4:9] (on both cf. Winers Grammar, § 39, 3 Note 2; Buttmann, 55 (48)); negatively, in the sentence of Christ οὐδέποτε ἔγνων ὑμᾶς, I never knew you, never had any acquaintance with you, [Mat 7:23]. to perceive, feel: ἔγνω τῷ σώματι, ὅτι etc. [Mar 5:29]; ἔγνων δύναμιν ἐξελθοῦσαν ἀπ' ἐμοῦ, [Luk 8:46].
2. to know, understand, perceive, have knowledge of;
a. to understand: with the accusative, τά λεγόμενα, [Luk 18:34]; ἅ ἀναγινώσκεις, [Act 8:30]; followed by ὅτι, [Mat 21:45]; [Joh 8:27]; [2Co 13:6]; [Gal 3:7]; [Jam 2:20]; followed by interrog, τί, [Joh 10:6]; [Joh 13:12], [Joh 13:28]; ὁ κατεργάζομαι οὐ γινώσκω I do not understand what I am doing, my conduct is inexplicable to me, [Rom 7:15].
b. to know: τό θέλημα, [Luk 12:47]; τάς καρδίας, [Luk 16:15]; τόν μή γνόντα ἁμαρτίαν ignorant of sin, i. e. not conscious of having committed it, [2Co 5:21]; ἐπιστολή γινωσκομένη καί ἀναγινωσκομένη, [2Co 3:2]; τινα, to know one, his person, character, mind, plans: [Joh 1:48] (); ; [Act 19:15]; [2Ti 2:19] (from [Num 16:5]); followed by ὅτι, [Joh 21:17]; [Phi 1:12]; [Jam 1:3]; [2Pe 1:20]; followed by the accusative with an infinitive [Heb 10:34]; followed by an indirect question, [Rev 3:3]; Ἑλληνιστί γινώσκειν, to know Greek (graecescire, Cicero, de fin. 2, 5): [Act 21:37] (ἐπίστασθαί Συριστί, Xenophon, Cyril 7, 5, 31;graecenescire, Cicero, pro Flac. 4, 10); ἴστε (Rec. ἐστε) γινώσκοντες ye know, understanding etc. (R. V. ye know of a surety, etc.), [Eph 5:5]; see Winers Grammar, 355 (333); (cf. Buttmann, 51 (44); 314 (269)). imperative γινώσκετε know ye: [Mat 24:32]f, 43; [Mar 13:29]; [Luk 10:11]; [Joh 15:18]; [Act 2:36]; [Heb 13:23]; [1Jo 2:29].
3. by a Hebraistic euphemism (cf. Winer's Grammar, 18), found also in Greek writings from the Alexandrian age down, γινώσκω is used of the carnal connection of male and female,remcumaliquo oraliquahabere (cf. our have a (criminal) intimacy with): of a husband, [Mat 1:25]; of the woman, [Luk 1:34]; ([Gen 4:1], [Gen 4:17]; [Gen 19:8]; [1Sa 1:19], etc.; Judith 16:22; Callimachus () epigr. 58, 3; often in Plutarch; cf. Vögelin, Plutarch, Brut., p. 10ff; so also Latincognosco, Ovid. met. 4, 596; novi, Justin Martyr, hist. 27, 3, 11).
II. In particular γινώσκω, to become acquainted with, to know, is employed in the N. T. of the knowledge of God and Christ, and of the things relating to them or proceeding from them;
a. τόν Θεόν, the one, true God, in contrast with the polytheism of the Gentiles: [Rom 1:21]; [Gal 4:9]; also τόν μόνον ἀληθινόν Θεόν, [Joh 17:3] cf. [1Jo 5:20]; τόν Θεόν, the nature and will of God, in contrast with the false wisdom of both Jews and Gentiles, [1Co 1:21]; τόν πατέρα, the nature of God the Father, especially the holy will and affection by which he aims to sanctify and redeem men through Christ, [Joh 8:55]; [Joh 16:3]; [1Jo 2:3]f, 14 (); [1Jo 3:1],6; 4:8>; a peculiar knowledge of God the Father is claimed by Christ for himself, [Joh 10:15]; [Joh 17:25]; γνῶθι τόν κύριον, the precepts of the Lord, [Heb 8:11]; τό θέλημα (of God), [Rom 2:18]; νοῦν κυρίου, [Rom 11:34]; [1Co 2:16]; τήν σοφίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ, [1Co 2:8]; τάς ὁδούς τοῦ Θεοῦ, [Heb 3:10] (from [Psa 94:10].
b. Χριστόν, his blessings, [Phi 3:10]; in Χριστόν ἐγνωκέναι κατά σάρκα, [2Co 5:16], Paul speaks of that knowledge of Christ which he had before his conversion, and by which he knew him merely in the form of a servant, and therefore had not yet seen in him the Son of God. According to John's usage, γινώσκειν, ἐγνωκέναι Χριστόν denotes to come to know, to know, his Messianic dignity ([Joh 17:3]; [Joh 6:69]); his divinity (τόν ἀπ' ἀρχῆς, [1Jo 2:13]f cf. [Joh 1:10]), his consummate kindness toward us, and the benefits redounding to us from fellowship with him (in Christ's words γινώσκομαι ὑπό τῶν ἐμῶν, [Joh 10:14] (according to the critical texts γινώσκουσιν με τά ἐμά)); his love of God ([Joh 14:31]); his sinless holiness ([1Jo 3:6]). John unites πιστεύειν and γινώσκειν, at one time putting πιστεύειν first: [Joh 6:69] (cf. Schaff's Lange or Meyer at the passage); but at another time γινώσκειν: [Joh 10:38] (according to R G, for which L T Tr WH read ἵνα γνῶτε καί γινώσκητε (R. V. know and understand)); [Joh 17:8] (L brackets καί ἔγνωσαν); [1Jo 4:16] (the love of God).
c. γνῶναι... τά τοῦ πνεύματος the things which proceed from the Spirit, [1Co 2:14]; τό πνεῦμα τῆς ἀληθείας καί τό πνεῦμα τῆς πλάνης, [1Jo 4:6]; τά μυστήρια τῆς βασιλείας τῶν οὐρανῶν, [Mat 13:11]; τήν ἀλήθειαν, [Joh 8:32]; [2Jo 1:1]; absolutely, of the knowledge of divine things, [1Co 13:12]; of the knowledge of things lawful for a Christian, [1Co 8:2]. [SYNONYMS: γινώσκειν, εἰδέναι, ἐπίστασθαί, συνιέναι: In classic usage (cf. Schmidt, chapter 13), γινώσκειν, distinguished from the rest by its original inchoative force, denotes a discriminating apprehension of external impressions, a knowledge grounded in personal experience. εἰδέναι, literally, 'to have seen with the mind's eye,' signifies a clear and purely mental perception, in contrast both to conjecture and to knowledge derived from others. ἐπίστασθαί primarily expresses the knowledge obtained by proximity to the thing known (cf. our understand, German verstehen); then knowledge viewed as the result of prolonged practice, in opposition to the process of learning on the one hand, and to the uncertain knowledge of a dilettante on the other. συνιέναι implies native insight, the soul's capacity of itself not only to lay hold of the phenomena of the outer world through the senses, but by combination (σύν and ἰέναι) to arrive at their underlying laws. Hence, συνιέναι may mark an antithesis to sense-perception; whereas γινώσκειν marks an advance upon it. As applied e. g. to a work of literature, γινώσκειν expresses an acquaintance with it; ἐπίστασθαί the knowledge of its contents; συνιέναι the understanding of it, a comprehension of its meaning. γινώσκειν and εἰδέναι most readily come into contrast with each other; if εἰδέναι and ἐπίστασθαί are contrasted, the former refers more to natural, the latter to acquired knowledge. In the N. T., as might be expected, these distinctions are somewhat less sharply marked. Such passages as [Joh 1:26], [Joh 1:31], [Joh 1:48] (); [Joh 7:27]f; 21:17>; [2Co 5:16]; [1Jo 5:20] may seem to indicate that, sometimes at least, γινώσκω and οἶδα are nearly interchangeable; yet see [Joh 3:10], [Joh 3:11]; [Joh 8:55] (yet cf. ); [1Jo 2:29] (know... perceive), and the characteristic use of εἰδέναι by John to describe our Lord's direct insight into divine things: [Joh 3:11]; (contrast ); [Joh 7:29]; [Joh 8:55]; , etc; cf. Lightfoot's note on [Gal 4:9]; Green, 'Critical Notes' etc., p. 75 (on [Joh 8:55]); Westcott on [Joh 2:24]. γινώσκω and ἐπίσταμαι are associated in [Act 19:15] (cf. Green, as above, p. 97); οἶδα and γινώσκω in [1Co 2:11]; [Eph 5:5]; οἶδα and ἐπίσταμαι in Jude 1:10. Compare: ἀναγινώσκω, διαγινώσκω, ἐπιγινώσκω, καταινώσκω, προγινώσκω.]
γινώσκω
( = γιγν -: v. previous word G1096. So also vulgar Attic , in Inscr ., v. Thumb, MGV , 207),
[in LXX chiefly for H3045;]
to be taking in knowledge, come to know, recognize, perceive, understand; in past tenses to know, realize; pass ., to become known: c . acc , [Mat 22:18], [Mar 5:43], Col 4:8 , [1Th 3:5], al. Pass ., [Mat 10:26], [Php 4:5], al. ; seq . ὅτι , [Mat 21:45], [Joh 4:1], al. ; τί [Mat 6:3]; ἀπό , [Mar 15:45]; ὅ , [Rom 7:15]; τ . λεγόμενα , [Luk 18:34]; τ . θέλημα , [Luk 12:47]; τ . καρδίας , [Luk 16:15]; c . acc pers ., of recognition by God, [1Co 8:3], [Gal 4:9]; by Christ, neg ., [Mat 7:23]; freq . of the knowledge of divine things, of God and Christ; τ . θεόν , [Rom 1:21], [Gal 4:9]; Τ . πατέρα , [Joh 8:55]; τ . κύριον , [Heb 8:11] ( LXX ); νοῦν κυρίου , [Rom 11:34]; Χριστόν , [Joh 17:3], [1Jn 3:6]; τὰ τοῦ πνεύματος , [1Co 2:14]; τ . πνεύμα , [1Jn 4:6]; τ . ἀλήθειαν , [Joh 8:32]; of Christ's knowledge of the Father ( ἐπιγ .), [Mat 11:27] ( Dalman, Words , 282 ff .). In Hellenistic writers [ LXX for Heb . H3045, [Gal 4:1], al. ], of sexual intercourse, to know carnally: [Mat 1:25], [Luk 1:34] ( Cremer , 153).
SYN.: γ ., to know by observation and experience is thus prop . disting. from οἶδα , to know by reflection (a mental process, based on intuition or information); cf. also ἐφίστημι , συνίημι . ( Cf. ἀνα -, δια -, ἐπι -, κατα -, προ - γινώσκω .)
γινώσκω原文音譯：ginèskw 居挪士可
詞類次數：動詞（224）
原文字根：知道 相當於：H3045（דָּעָה / יָדַע）
字義溯源：知道*，認識，曉得，覺察，覺得，感覺，明白，知覺，看出，親近。‘知道’這字無論是在聖經上，或在希臘社會上，是極其重要的一個字。其次，‘知道’表示看清了事物，有如其真實所是；不受人的意見與看法的影響，甚至，遠超過聽見。所以，‘知道’常表示接近真理的平面。如果說知道某人，意思就是認識某人；甚至夫婦的同房，也委婉的說‘知道’，如（[太1:25]）的同房那字，原文就是：知道。保羅的書信中強調說，人世間的智慧不能知道神，無法得著神的知識。惟有出於神的憐憫，藉著神的靈，人才能知道神（[林前2:10]至 13）。約翰福音著重的說明，認識（或知道）父和子乃是一，子將父所是的愛向世人顯明出來。約翰的書信說到知道（或認識）神，就要遵守神的命令，而彼此相愛，像他愛我們一樣。所以真實的知道主，認識主，乃是去遵行主的話，藉著遵行去經歷主，經歷主的所是，經歷主所說的話。這字與別的介詞組合：G1921（ἐπιγινώσκω）=認出 G2607（καταγινώσκω）=責備 G4267（προγινώσκω）=預知 G4268（πρόγνωσις）=先見
同源字：1）
G50（
ἀγνοέω）不知道 2）
G176（
ἀκατάγνωστος）無可指責 3）
G314（
ἀναγινώσκω）再知道，念讀 4）
G319（
ἀναγνωρίζω）告知 5）
G1097（
γινώσκω）知道 6）
G1106（
γνώμη）認識 7）
G1107（
γνωρίζω）告知 8）
G1108（
γνῶσις）知識 9）
G1109（
γνώστης）知曉者 10）
G1110（
γνώριμος /
γνωστός）很熟悉的 11）
G1231（
διαγινώσκω）徹底的知道 12）
G1232（
διαγνωρίζω）傳開 13）
G1233（
διάγνωσις）訊問 14）
G1921（
ἐπιγινώσκω）認出 15）
G1922（
ἐπίγνωσις）認識 16）
G2589（
καρδιογνώστης）知道人心者 17）
G2607（
καταγινώσκω）表示反對 18）
G4267（
προγινώσκω）預先知道參讀
G143（
αἰσθάνομαι）
G357（
ἀναλογίζομαι）同義字
出現次數：總共（222）；太（20）；可（13）；路（27）；約（57）；徒（16）；羅（9）；林前（16）；林後（8）；加（4）；弗（3）；腓（5）；西（1）；帖前（1）；提後（3）；來（4）；雅（3）；彼後（2）；約壹（25）；約貳（1）；啓（4）
譯字彙編：
1）知道（57）[太13:11]；[可4:11]；[可9:30]；[路2:43]；[路7:39]；[路8:10]；[路10:22]；[路12:46]；[路16:15]；[路19:15]；[路24:18]；[約2:24]；[約4:1]；[約4:53]；[約5:6]；[約6:15]；[約6:69]；[約7:26]；[約7:27]；[約7:51]；[約11:57]；[約12:9]；[約13:28]；[約14:20]；[約14:31]；[約17:8]；[約17:23]；[約17:25]；[約21:17]；[徒17:13]；[徒17:19]；[徒17:20]；[徒19:35]；[徒20:34]；[徒22:30]；[羅10:19]；[羅11:34]；[林前2:8]；[林前2:11]；[林前2:14]；[林前3:20]；[林前14:7]；[林前14:9]；[林後5:21]；[弗3:19]；[弗5:5]；[腓1:12]；[腓2:19]；[帖前3:5]；[提後1:18]；[來10:34]；[雅1:3]；[雅2:20]；[約壹2:29]；[約壹5:2]；[約貳1:1]；[啓2:23]；
2）認識（17）[約1:10]；[約10:14]；[約10:15]；[約10:15]；[約10:27]；[約14:17]；[約14:17]；[約17:3]；[約17:25]；[約17:25]；[林前1:21]；[腓3:10]；[提後2:19]；[約壹3:1]；[約壹4:6]；[約壹4:7]；[約壹4:8]；
3）你們知道（11）[太16:3]；[路21:20]；[約10:38]；[約19:4]；[林後2:4]；[林後8:9]；[弗6:22]；[腓2:22]；[西4:8]；[來13:23]；[雅5:20]；
4）我們知道（7）[約8:52]；[羅6:6]；[約壹2:5]；[約壹2:18]；[約壹3:16]；[約壹3:24]；[約壹4:13]；
5）明白（6）[可4:13]；[約3:10]；[約7:49]；[約10:38]；[約12:16]；[徒22:14]；
6）曉得（5）[路21:30]；[路21:31]；[羅2:18]；[來3:10]；[啓2:24]；
7）知道了（5）[太12:15]；[可15:45]；[路9:11]；[林前8:2]；[加2:9]；
8）看出（4）[太22:18]；[路20:19]；[約16:19]；[徒23:6]；
9）你們認識（4）[約14:7]；[約壹2:13]；[約壹2:13]；[約壹2:14]；
10）你⋯知道（3）[路19:42]；[路19:44]；[約1:48]；
11）他們知道（3）[約17:7]；[羅1:21]；[啓3:9]；
12）知道的（3）[太24:50]；[路12:48]；[林前8:2]；
13）我⋯認識（3）[太7:23]；[徒19:15]；[約壹2:4]；
14）被知道的（2）[太10:26]；[路12:2]；
15）曾認識（2）[約壹3:1]；[約壹3:6]；
16）你們⋯知道（2）[可13:28]；[加3:7]；
17）他知道（2）[約2:25]；[約壹3:20]；
18）就知道（2）[太12:33]；[約壹3:19]；
19）他們⋯明白（2）[約8:27]；[約10:6]；
20）要知道的（2）[彼後1:20]；[彼後3:3]；
21）我知道（2）[太25:24]；[路16:4]；
22）你們該知道（2）[路10:11]；[約15:18]；
23）你們⋯明白（2）[太12:7]；[約8:43]；
24）該知道（2）[太24:33]；[可13:29]；
25）所知道（2）[林前8:3]；[林後3:2]；
26）我⋯可以知道（1）[路1:18]；
27）我⋯親近（1）[路1:34]；
28）他們⋯曉得（1）[路18:34]；
29）已看見（1）[約壹4:16]；
30）我們可以認出（1）[約壹4:6]；
31）叫⋯知道（1）[太6:3]；
32）你們⋯知道的（1）[太24:43]；
33）她⋯覺得（1）[可5:29]；
34）你們可認出（1）[約壹4:2]；
35）他們⋯覺察（1）[太24:39]；
36）我們認識（1）[約壹5:20]；
37）你⋯認識（1）[約14:9]；
38）他們⋯知道（1）[林前2:8]；
39）我⋯明白（1）[羅7:15]；
40）我就⋯知（1）[羅7:7]；
41）他⋯知道（1）[林前8:2]；
42）你們⋯要曉得（1）[林後13:6]；
43）我們⋯認識（1）[約壹2:3]；
44）我們⋯曉得（1）[約壹2:3]；
45）當叫⋯知道（1）[腓4:5]；
46）明白⋯的人（1）[羅7:1]；
47）他們⋯曾知道（1）[羅3:17]；
48）你們⋯認識了（1）[約14:7]；
49）你們⋯曾認識（1）[約8:55]；
50）你⋯能知道（1）[啓3:3]；
51）你們該認識（1）[來8:11]；
52）他們⋯曾認識（1）[約16:3]；
53）被⋯知道了（1）[徒9:24]；
54）你⋯明白（1）[徒8:30]；
55）當⋯知道（1）[徒2:36]；
56）被⋯認出來（1）[路24:35]；
57）我要知道的（1）[林前4:19]；
58）覺得（1）[路8:46]；
59）就可以認出來（1）[路6:44]；
60）他原曉得（1）[可15:10]；
61）你們所知道的（1）[路12:39]；
62）既知道（1）[路12:47]；
63）必知道（1）[約8:28]；
64）就必曉得（1）[約7:17]；
65）我已知道（1）[約5:42]；
66）他們看出（1）[可12:12]；
67）他看出來（1）[可8:17]；
68）就看出（1）[太21:45]；
69）看出來（1）[太16:8]；
70）叫人知道（1）[太9:30]；
71）你們就知道（1）[太24:32]；
72）看出了（1）[太26:10]；
73）給人知道（1）[可7:24]；
74）他們知道了（1）[可6:38]；
75）人知道（1）[可5:43]；
76）你們必曉得（1）[約8:32]；
77）我認識（1）[約10:14]；
78）我知道的（1）[林前13:12]；
79）我們知道的（1）[林前13:9]；
80）親近（1）[太1:25]；
81）看（1）[林後2:9]；
82）曾認過（1）[林後5:16]；
83）所認識了（1）[加4:9]；
84）你們認識了（1）[加4:9]；
85）認了（1）[林後5:16]；
86）曾知道（1）[林前2:16]；
87）你懂得（1）[徒21:37]；
88）認出（1）[約13:35]；
89）你們明白麼（1）[約13:12]；
90）你必明白（1）[約13:7]；
91）已認識了（1）[約14:7]；
92）可知道的（1）[徒1:7]；
93）得知（1）[徒21:34]；
94）就可知道（1）[徒21:24]；
95）你該知道（1）[提後3:1]