πνεῦμα, ατος, τό, ( πνέω )
blast, wind, first in Anaximen. 2, ὅλον τὸν κόσμον π. καὶ ἀὴρ περιέχει: freq. in Trag., etc., ἀνέμων πνεύματα πάντων A. Pr. 1086 (anap.), cf. 1047 (anap.); θαλάσσας . . πνεύματι λάβρῳ Id. Pers. 110 (lyr.); πνευμάτων ἐπομβρίᾳ Id. Fr. 300.3; τέως δὲ κούφοις πνεύμασιν βόσκου S. Aj. 558; πνεύμασιν θαλασσίοις ἐξωσθέντες E. Cyc. 278 (but πνοή is commoner in Poets; Hom. uses πνοιή ) ; πνεύματα ἀνέμων Hdt. 7.16 . ά; τὸ π. κατῄει Th. 2.84; κατὰ πρύμναν ἵσταται τὸ π. ib. 97; τὸ π. λεῖον καὶ καθεστηκὸς λαβεῖν Ar. Ra. 1003; τὸ π. ἔλαττον γίγνεται Id. Eq. 441; εἰ φορὸν π. εἴη X. HG 6.2.27; κατὰ πνεῦμα στῆναι τοῦ ἄρρενος to leeward of him, Arist. HA 560b14; but κατὰ π. προσιόντες down wind, ib. 535a19; πνεύματος ἀνείλησις, ἐκπύρωσις, Epicur. Ephesians 2 pp.44,45 U.; as an element, air, Corp.Herm. 1.9, 16; τὸ π. τὸ περὶ τὴν ψυχήν Plot. 2.2.2, cf. Porph. Sent. 29 .
2. metaph., θαλερωτέρῳ π. with more genial breeze or influence, A. Th. 708 (lyr.); λύσσης π. μάργῳ Id. Pr. 884 (anap.); αἰδοίῳ π. χώρας with air or spirit of respect on the part of the country, Id. Supp. 29 (anap.); π. ταὐτὸν οὔποτ’ . . ἐν ἀνδράσιν φίλοις βέβηκεν the wind is constantly changing even among friends, S. OC 612; π. συμφορᾶς E. IT 1317; ὅταν θεοῦ σοι π. μεταβαλὸν τύχῃ Id. HF 216 .
II breathed air, breath, σάλπιγξ βροτείου πνεύματος πληρουμένη A. Eu. 568; αὐλῶν, λωτοῦ π., E. Ba. 128 (lyr.), Ph. 787 (lyr., pl.); π. ἀπέρρηξεν βίου the breath of life, A. Pers. 507; π. ἀπώλεσεν Id. Th. 984 (lyr.); π. ἄθροισον collect breath, E. Ph. 851; π. ἀφεῖναι, ἀνεῖναι, μεθεῖναι, to give up the ghost, Id. Hec. 571, Or. 277, Tr. 785 (anap.); π. δειμαίνων λιπεῖν Id. Supp. 554; π. . . δυσῶδες ἠφίει Th. 2.49; πνεύματος διαρροαί the wind-pipe, E. Hec. 567; τὰς τοῦ π. διεξόδους ἀποφράττον Pl. Ti. 91c (v. πνεύμων ) ; πνεύματος ῥώμη Plu. 2.804b: prov., ἄνθρωπός ἐστι π. καὶ σκιὰ μόνον S. Fr. 13 .
2. breathing, respiration, freq. in Hp., π. πυκνόν, ἀραιόν, ἐκτεῖνον, κατεπεῖγον, Epid. 2.3.7; π. πυκνότερον Acut. 16; π. προσκόπτον checked, difficult breathing, Aph. 4.68; π. ἄσημον indistinct, feeble breathing, Epid. 6.7.8; π. βηχῶδες Coac. 622; π. μετέωρον shallow breathing, Epid. 2.3.1; τὸ π. ἔχειν ἄνω to be out of breath, Men. 23, cf. Sosicr. 1; τὸ π. ἀνήνεγκαν recovered their breath, Hp. Prorrh. 2.12 (so without τὸ π. Aph. 2.43 ); but ἀναφέρουσιν . . κλαίοντά τε καὶ ἐς τὰς ῥῖνας ἀνέλκοντα τὸ π. they sob . ., Id. Hebd. 51 . pl., of the air imagined as filling the veins, πνευμάτων ἀπολήψιες ἀνὰ φλέβας Id. Acut.(Sp.) 7,al.
3. flatulence, in pl., Eub. 107.9, Arist. Pr. 948b25, Dsc. 2.112, D.L. 6.94 .
4. breath of life, π. ζωῆς LXX [Gen 6:17], LXX [Gen 7:15], cf. Plu. Per. 13,etc.; π. ἔχειν retain life, Plb. 31.10.4; living being, ἐγὼ Νίνος πάλαι ποτ’ ἐγενόμην π. Phoen. 1.16; οὐ π. πάντα βρότεια σοὶ (sc. Πλούτωνι ) νέμεται; IG 14.769 ( Naples ).
5. that which is breathed forth or exhaled, odour, ὦ θεῖον ὀδμῆς π. E. Hipp. 1391; π. βαρὺ ἀφιεῖσα, of a tree, Plu. 2.647b.
6. Gramm., breathing with which a vowel is pronounced, ib. 1009e (pl.), A.D. Adv. 147.18; π. δασύ, ψιλόν, Id. Pron. 78.6, Adv. 148.9 .
III divine inspiration, ἄγρια . . πνεύματα θευφορίης AP 6.220.4 ( Diosc. ); εἰ μή τι θεῖον . . ἐνῆν π. τῇ ψυχῇ Pl. Ax. 370c; τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ δαιμόνιον ἐν μούσαις π. Plu. 2.605a; καθαρὸν δίκαιον . . π. θεοῦ σωτῆρος BMus.Inscr. 1062 (Cyrene, ii A. D. ). the spirit of God, π. θεοῦ LXX [Gen 1:2], etc.: freq. in NT, τὸ π. τὸ ἅγιον [Mar 3:29],al.
2. spirit of man, εἴτ’ ἐστὶ τοῦτο π. θεῖον εἴτε νοῦς Men. 482.3: in NT, opp. ψυχή, [1Th 5:23], cf. Ep.[Rom 8:2]; τῷ π., opp. τῷ σώματι, Cor. 5.3; also, opp. γράμμα, [Rom 2:29] . spiritual or immaterial being, angel, Ep.[Heb 1:14], [Rev 1:4]; τὰ ἄχραντα π., τὰ κακὰ π., Iamb. Myst. 3.31; π. πονηρόν, ψευδές, LXX Jd. 9.23, 3 Ki. 22.21, cf. [Act 19:12]; [Rev 19:15], [Rev 16:14], Porph. ap. Eus. PE 4.23, etc.; ἀλάλου καὶ κακοῦ π. οὖσα πλήρης (sc. ἡ Πυθία ) Plu. 2.438b. Rhet., sentence declaimed in one breath, Hermog. Inv. 3.10, 4.4,al.
G4151 — πνεῦμα
πνεύματος, τό (πνέω), Greek writings from Aeschylus and Herodotus down; Hebrew רוּחַ, Latinspiritus; i. e.:
1. a movement of air (gentle) blast;
a. of the wind: ἀνέμων πνεύματα, Herodotus 7, 16, 1; Pausanias, 5, 25; hence, the wind itself, [Joh 3:8]; plural [Heb 1:7] ([1Ki 18:45]; [1Ki 19:11]; [Job 1:19]; [Psa 103:4], etc.; often in Greek writings).
b. breath of the nostrils or mouth, often in Greek writings from Aeschylus down: πνεῦμα τοῦ στόματος, [2Th 2:8] ([Psa 32:6], cf. [Isa 11:4]); πνεῦμα ζωῆς, the breath of life, [Rev 11:11] ([Gen 6:17], cf. πνοή ζωῆς, ). (πνεῦμα and πνοή seem to have been in the main coincident terms; but πνοή became the more poetic. Both retain a suggestion of their evident etymology. Even in classical Greek πνεῦμα became as frequent and as wide in its application as ἄνεμος. (Schmidt, chapter 55, 7; Trench, § lxxiii.))
2. the spirit, i. e. the vital principle by which the body is animated ((Aristotle, Polybius, Plutarch, others; see below)): [Luk 8:55]; [Luk 23:46]; [Joh 19:30]; [Act 7:59]; [Rev 13:15] (here R. V. breath); ἀφιέναι τό πνεῦμα, to breathe out the spirit, to expire, [Mat 27:50] cf. Sir. 38:23; Wis. 16:14 (Greek writings said ἀφιέναι τήν ψυχήν, as [Gen 35:18], see ἀφίημι, 1 b. and Kypke, Observations, i, p. 140; but we also find ἀφιέναι πνεῦμα θανσίμω σφαγή, Euripides, Hec. 571); σῶμα χωρίς πνεύματος νεκρόν ἐστιν, [Jam 2:26]; τό πνεῦμα ἐστι τό ζοωποιουν, ἡ σάρξ οὐκ ὠφελεῖ οὐδέν, the spirit is that which animates and gives life, the body is of no profit (for the spirit imparts life to it, not the body in turn to the spirit; cf. Chr. Frid. Fritzsche, Nova opuscc., p. 239), [Joh 6:63]. the rational spirit, the power by which a human being feels, thinks, wills, decides; the soul: τό πνεῦμα τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τό ἐν αὐτῷ, [1Co 2:11]; opposed to σάρξ (which see (especially 2 a.)), [Mat 26:41]; [Mar 14:38]; [1Co 5:5]; [2Co 7:1]; [Col 2:5]; opposed to τό σῶμα, [Rom 8:10]; [1Co 6:17], [1Co 6:20] Rec.; ; [1Pe 4:6]. Although for the most part the words πνεῦμα and ψυχή are used indiscriminately and so σῶμα and ψυχή put in contrast (but never by Paul; see ψυχή, especially 2), there is also recognized a threefold distinction, τό πνεῦμα καί ἡ ψυχή καί τό σῶμα, [1Th 5:23], according to which τό πνεῦμα is the rational part of man, the power of perceiving and grasping divine and eternal things, and upon which the Spirit of God exerts its influence; (πνεῦμα, says Luther, "is the highest and noblest part of man, which qualifies him to lay bold of incomprehensible, invisible, eternal things; in short, it is the house where Faith and God's word are at home" (see references at end)): ἄχρι μερισμοῦ ψυχῆς καί πνεύματος (see μερισμός, 2), [Heb 4:12]; ἐν ἑνί πνεύματι, μία ψυχή, [Phi 1:27] (where instead of μία ψυχή Paul according to his mode of speaking elsewhere would have said more appropriately μία καρδία). τό πνεῦμα τίνος, [Mar 2:8]; [Mar 8:12]; Lukei. 47; [Act 17:16]; [Rom 1:9]; [Rom 8:16]; [1Co 5:4]; [1Co 16:18]; [2Co 2:13]; [2Co 7:13]; [Gal 6:18]; ([Phi 4:23] L T Tr WH); [Phi 1:25]; [2Ti 4:22]; ὁ Θεός τῶν πνευμάτων (for which Rec. has ἁγίων) τῶν προφητῶν, who incites and directs the souls of the prophets, [Rev 22:6], where cf. Düsterdieck. the dative τῷ πνεύματι is used to denote the seat (locality) where one does or suffers something, like our in spirit: ἐπιγινώσκειν, [Mar 2:8]; ἀναστενάζειν, [Mar 8:12]; ἐμβρίμασθαι, [Joh 11:33]; ταράσσεσθαι, [Joh 13:21]; ζηιν, [Act 18:25]; [Rom 12:11]; ἀγαλλίασθαι, [Luk 10:21] (but L T Tr WH here add ἁγίῳ); the dative of respect: [1Co 5:3]; [Col 2:5]; [1Pe 4:6]; κραταιουσθαι, [Luk 1:80]; [Luk 2:40] Rec.; ἅγιον εἶναι, [1Co 7:34]; ζοωποιηθεις, [1Pe 3:18]; ζῆν, [1Pe 4:6]; πτωχοί, [Mat 5:3]; dative of instrument: δεδεμένος, [Act 20:22]; συνέχεσθαι, Rec.; Θεῷ λατρεύειν, [Phi 3:3] R G; dative of advantage: ἄνεσιν τῷ πνεύματι μου, [2Co 2:13] (12); ἐν τῷ πνεύματι, is used of the instrument, [1Co 6:20] Rec. (it is surely better to take ἐν τῷ πνεύματι here locally, of the 'sphere' (Winer's Grammar, 386 (362), cf. [1Co 6:19])); also ἐν πνεύματι, nearly equivalent to πνευματικῶς (but see Winer's Grammar, § 51, 1 e. note), [Joh 4:23]; of the seat of an action, ἐν τῷ πνεύματι μου, [Rom 1:9]; τιθέναι ἐν τῷ πνεύματι, to propose to oneself, purpose in spirit, followed by the infinitive (πορεύεσθαι, [Act 19:21]. πνεύματα προφητῶν, according to the context the souls (spirits) of the prophets moved by the Spirit of God, [1Co 14:32]; in a peculiar sense πνεῦμα is used of a soul thoroughly roused by the Holy Spirit and wholly intent on divine things, yet destitute of distinct self-consciousness and clear understanding; thus in the phrases τό πνεῦμα μου προσεύχεται, opposed to ὁ νοῦς μου, [1Co 14:14]; πνεύματι λαλεῖν μυστήρια, [1Co 14:2]; προσεύχεσθαι, ψάλλειν, εὐλογεῖν, τῷ πνεύματι, as opposed to τῷ νοι<, [1Co 14:15], [1Co 14:16].
3. "a spirit, i. e. a simple essence, devoid of all or at least all grosser matter, and possessed of the power of knowing, desiring, deciding, and acting";
a. generically: [Luk 24:37]; [Act 23:8] (on which see μήτε, at the end); [Act 23:9]; πνεῦμα σάρκα καί ὀστέα οὐκ ἔχει, [Luk 24:39]; πνεῦμα ζοωποιουν (a life-giving spirit), spoken of Christ as raised from the dead, [1Co 15:45]; πνεῦμα ὁ Θεός (God is spirit essentially), [Joh 4:24]; πατήρ τῶν πνευμάτων, of God, [Heb 12:9], where the term comprises both the spirits of men and of angels.
b. a human soul that has left the body ((Babrius 122, 8)): plural (Latinmanes), [Heb 12:23]; [1Pe 3:19].
c. a spirit higher than man but lower than God, i. e. an angel: plural [Heb 1:14]; used of demons, or evil spirits, who were conceived of as inhabiting the bodies of men: ([Mar 9:20]); [Luk 9:39]; [Act 16:18]; plural, [Mat 8:16]; [Mat 12:45]; [Luk 10:20]; [Luk 11:26]; πνεῦμα Πύθωνος or πύθωνα, [Act 16:16]; πνεύματα δαιμονίων, [Rev 16:14]; πνεῦμα δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου, [Luk 4:33] (see δαιμόνιον, 2); πνεῦμα ἀσθενείας, causing infirmity, [Luk 13:11]; πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον, [Mat 10:1]; [Mat 12:43]; [Mar 1:23], [Mar 1:26], [Mar 1:27]; [Mar 3:11], [Mar 3:30]; [Mar 5:2], [Mar 5:8], [Mar 5:13]; [Mar 6:7]; [Mar 7:25]; [Mar 9:25]; [Luk 4:36]; [Luk 6:18]; [Luk 8:29]; [Luk 9:42]; [Luk 11:24], [Luk 11:26]; [Act 5:16]; [Act 8:7]; [Rev 16:13]; [Rev 18:2]; ἄλαλον, κωφόν (for the Jews held that the same evils with which the men were afflicted affected the demons also that bad taken possession of them (cf. Wetstein, N. T. i. 279ff; Edersheim, Jesus the Messiah, Appendix xvi.; see δαιμονίζομαι etc. and references)), [Mar 9:17], [Mar 9:25]; πονηρόν, [Luk 7:21]; [Luk 8:2]; [Act 19:12], [Act 19:13], [Act 19:15], [Act 19:16], (cf. [Jdg 9:23]; [1Sa 16:14]; [1Sa 19:9], etc.).
d. "the spiritual nature of Christ, higher than the highest angels, close to God and most intimately united to him" (in doctrinal phraseology the divine nature of Christ): [1Ti 3:16]; with the addition of ἁγιωσύνης (on which see ἁγιωσύνη, 1 (yet cf. 4 a. below)), [Rom 1:4] (but see Meyer at the passage, Ellicott on 1 Timothy, the passage cited); it is called πνεῦμα αἰώνιον, in tacit contrast with the perishable ψυχαί of sacrificial animals, in [Heb 9:14], where cf. Delitzsch (and especially Kurtz).
4. The Scriptures also ascribe a πνεῦμα to God, i. e. God's power and agency — distinguishable in thought (or modalistice, as they say in technical speech) from God's essence in itself considered — "manifest in the course of affairs, and by its influence upon souls productive in the theocratic body (the church) of all the higher spiritual gifts and blessings"; (cf. the resemblances and differences in Philo's use of τό θεῖον πνεῦμα, e. g. de gigant. § 12 (cf. § 5f); quis rer. div. § 53; de mund. opif. § 46, etc.).
a. This πνεῦμα is called in the O. T. אֱלֹהִים רוּחַ, יְהוָה רוּחַ; in the N. T. πνεῦμα ἅγιον, τό ἅγιον πνεῦμα, τό πνεῦμα τό ἅγιον (first so in Wis. 1:5 Wis. 9:17; for קֹדֶשׁ רוּחַ, in [Psa 50:13], [Isa 63:10], [Isa 63:11], the Sept. renders by πνεῦμα ἁγιωσύνης), i. e. the Holy Spirit (august, full of majesty, adorable, utterly opposed to all impurity): [Mat 1:18], [Mat 1:20]; [Mat 3:11]; [Mat 12:32]; [Mat 28:19]; [Mar 1:8]; [Mar 3:29]; [Mar 12:36]; [Mar 13:11]; [Luk 1:15], [Luk 1:35]; [Luk 2:25], [Luk 2:26]; [Luk 3:16], [Luk 3:22]; [Luk 4:1]; [Luk 11:13]; [Luk 12:10], [Luk 12:12]; [Joh 1:33]; [Joh 7:39] (L T WH omit; Tr brackets ἅγιον); [Joh 14:26]; [Joh 20:22]; [Act 1:2], [Act 1:5], [Act 1:8], [Act 1:16]; [Act 2:33], [Act 2:38]; [Act 4:25] L T Tr WH; [Act 5:3],32; 8:18> (L T WH omit; Tr brackets τό ἅγιον), ; [Act 9:31]; [Act 10:38],44,45,47; 11:15,16,24; 13:2,4,9,52; 15:8,28; 16:6; 19:6; 20:28>; [Rom 9:1]; [Rom 14:17]; [Rom 15:13], [Rom 15:16], [Rom 15:19] (L Tr WH in brackets); [1Co 6:19]; [1Co 12:3]; [2Co 6:6]; [2Co 13:13] (14); [Eph 1:13]; [1Th 1:5], [1Th 1:6]; [2Ti 1:14]; [Tit 3:5]; [Heb 2:4]; [Heb 6:4]; [Heb 9:8]; [1Jo 5:7] Rec.; Jude 1:20; other examples will be given below in the phrases; (on the use and the omission of the article, see Fritzsche, Ep. ad Romans, ii., p. 105 (in opposition to Harless (on [Eph 2:22]), et al.; cf. also Meyer on [Gal 5:16]; Ellicott on [Gal 5:5]; Winers Grammar, 122 (116); Buttmann, 89 (78))); τό πνεῦμα τό ἅγιον τοῦ Θεοῦ, [Eph 4:30]; [1Th 4:8]; πνεῦμα Θεοῦ, [Rom 8:9], [Rom 8:14]; τό τοῦ Θεοῦ πνεῦμα, [1Pe 4:14]; (τό) πνεῦμα (τοῦ) Θεοῦ, [Mat 3:16]; [Mat 12:18], [Mat 12:28]; [1Co 2:14]; [1Co 3:16]; [Eph 3:16]; [1Jo 4:2]; τό πνεῦμα τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν, [1Co 6:11]; τό πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρός, [Mat 10:20]; πνεῦμα Θεοῦ ζῶντος, [2Co 3:3]; τό πνεῦμα τοῦ ἐγείραντος Ἰησοῦν, [Rom 8:11]; τό πνεῦμα τό ἐκ Θεοῦ (emanating from God and imparted unto men), [1Co 2:12]; πνεῦμα and τό πνεῦμα τοῦ κυρίου, i. e. of God, [Luk 4:18]; [Act 5:9] (cf. [Act 5:4]); ; κυρίου, i. e. of Christ, [2Co 3:17], [2Co 3:18] (cf. Buttmann, 343 (295)); τό πνεῦμα Ἰησοῦ, since the same Spirit in a peculiar manner dwelt in Jesus, [Act 16:7] (where Rec. omits Ἰησοῦ); Χριστοῦ, [Rom 8:9]; Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, [Phi 1:19]; τό ἐν τίνι (in one's soul (not WH marginal reading)) πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ, [1Pe 1:11]; τό πνεῦμα τοῦ υἱοῦ (τοῦ Θεοῦ), [Gal 4:6]; simply τό πνεῦμα or πνεῦμα: [Mat 4:1]; [Mat 12:31], [Mat 12:32]; [Mat 22:43]; [Mar 1:10], [Mar 1:12]; [Luk 2:1], [Luk 2:14]; [Joh 1:32], [Joh 1:33]; [Joh 3:6], [Joh 3:8], [Joh 3:34]; [Joh 7:39]; [Act 2:4]; [Act 8:29]; [Act 10:19]; [Act 11:12], [Act 11:28]; [Act 21:4]; [Rom 8:6], [Rom 8:16], [Rom 8:23], [Rom 8:26], [Rom 8:27]; [Rom 15:30]; [1Co 2:4], [1Co 2:10], [1Co 2:13] (where Rec. adds ἁγίου); [1Co 12:4],7,8>; [2Co 1:22]; [2Co 3:6], [2Co 3:8]; [2Co 5:5]; [Gal 3:3], [Gal 3:5], [Gal 3:14]; [Gal 4:29]; [Gal 5:5], [Gal 5:17], [Gal 5:22], [Gal 5:25]; [Eph 4:3]; [Eph 5:9] Rec.; ; [Phi 2:1]; [2Th 2:13]; [1Ti 4:1]; [Jam 4:5]; [1Pe 1:22] Rec.; [1Jo 3:24]; [1Jo 5:6], [1Jo 5:8]; [Rev 22:17]. Among the beneficent and very varied operations and effects ascribed to this Spirit in the N. T., the following are prominent: by it the man Jesus was begotten in the womb of the virgin Mary ([Mat 1:18], [Mat 1:20]; [Luk 1:35]), and at his baptism by John it is said to have descended upon Jesus ([Mat 3:16]; [Mar 1:10]; [Luk 3:22]), so that he was perpetually (μένον ἐπ' αὐτόν) filled with it ([Joh 1:32], [Joh 1:33], cf. 3:34; [Mat 12:28]; [Act 10:38]); hence, to its prompting and aid the acts and words of Christ are traced, [Mat 4:1]; [Mat 12:28]; [Mar 1:12]; [Luk 4:1], [Luk 4:14]. After Christ's resurrection it was imparted also to the apostles, [Joh 20:22]; Acts 2. Subsequently other followers of Christ are related to have received it through faith ([Gal 3:2]), or by the instrumentality of baptism ([Act 2:38]; [1Co 12:13]) and the laying on of hands ([Act 19:5], [Act 19:6]), although its reception was in no wise connected with baptism by any magical bond, [Act 8:12], [Act 8:15]; [Act 10:44]ff. To its agency are referred all the blessings of the Christian religion, such as regeneration wrought in baptism ([Joh 3:5], [Joh 3:6], [Joh 3:8]; [Tit 3:5] (but see the commentators on the passages, and references under the word βάπτισμα, 3)); all sanctification ([1Co 6:11]; hence, ἁγιασμός πνεύματος, [2Th 2:13]; [1Pe 1:2]); the power of suppressing evil desires and practising holiness ([Rom 8:2]ff; [Gal 5:16]ff,22; [1Pe 1:22] (Rec.), etc.); fortitude to undergo with patience all persecutions, losses, trials, for Christ's sake ([Mat 10:20]; [Luk 12:11], [Luk 12:12]; [Rom 8:26]); the knowledge of evangelical truth ([Joh 14:17], [Joh 14:26]; [Joh 15:26]; [Joh 16:12], [Joh 16:13]; [1Co 2:6-16]; [Eph 3:5]) — hence, it is called πνεῦμα τῆς ἀληθείας (John the passages cited; [1Jo 4:6]), πνεῦμα σοφίας καί ἀποκαλύψεως ([Eph 1:17]); the sure and joyful hope of a future resurrection, and of eternal blessedness ([Rom 5:5]; [Rom 8:11]; [2Co 1:22]; [2Co 5:5]; [Eph 1:13]f); for the Holy Spirit is the seal and pledge of citizenship in the kingdom of God, [2Co 1:22]; [Eph 1:13]. He is present to teach, guide, prompt, restrain, those Christians whose agency God employs in carrying out his counsels: [Act 8:29], [Act 8:39]; [Act 10:19]; [Act 11:12]; [Act 13:2], [Act 13:4]; [Act 15:28]; [Act 16:6], [Act 16:7]; [Act 20:28]. He is the author of charisms or special gifts ([1Co 12:7]ff; see χάρισμα), prominent among which is the power of prophesying: τά ἐρχόμενα ἀναγγελεῖ, [Joh 16:13]; hence, τό πνεῦμα τῆς προφητείας ([Rev 19:10]); and his efficiency in the prophets is called τό πνεῦμα simply ([1Th 5:19]), and their utterances are introduced with these formulas: τάδε λέγει τό πνεῦμα τό ἅγιον, [Act 21:11]; τό πνεῦμα λέγει, [1Ti 4:1]; [Rev 14:13]; with ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις added, [Rev 2:7], [Rev 2:11], [Rev 2:17], [Rev 2:29]; [Rev 3:6], [Rev 3:13], [Rev 3:22]. Since the Holy Spirit by his inspiration was the author also of the O. T. Scriptures ([2Pe 1:21]; [2Ti 3:16]), his utterances are cited in the following terms: λέγει or μαρτυρεῖ τό πνεῦμα τό ἅγιον, [Heb 3:7]; [Heb 10:15]; τό πνεῦμα τό ἅγιον ἐλάλησε διά Ἠσαΐου, [Act 28:25], cf. [Act 1:16]. From among the great number of other phrases referring to the Holy Spirit the following seem to be noteworthy here: God is said διδόναι τίνι τό πνεῦμα τό ἅγιον, [Luk 11:13]; [Act 15:8]; passive, [Rom 5:5]; more precisely, ἐκ τοῦ πνεύματος αὐτοῦ, i. e. a portion from his Spirit's fullness (Buttmann, § 132, 7; Winer's Grammar, 366 (343)), [1Jo 4:13]; or έ᾿κχειν ἀπό τοῦ πνεύματος αὐτοῦ, [Act 2:17], [Act 2:18] (for its entire fullness Christ alone receives, [Joh 3:34]); men are said, λαμβάνειν πνεῦμα ἅγιον, [Joh 20:22]; [Act 8:15], [Act 8:17], [Act 8:19]; [Act 19:2]; or τό πνεῦμα ἅγιον, [Act 10:47]; or τό πνεῦμα τό ἐκ Θεοῦ, [1Co 2:12]; or τό πνεῦμα, [Gal 3:2], cf. [Rom 8:15]; πνεῦμα Θεοῦ ἔχειν, [1Co 7:40]; πνεῦμα μή ἔχειν, Jude 1:19; πληροῦσθαι πνεύματος ἁγίου, [Act 13:52]; ἐν πνεύματι, [Eph 5:18]; πλησθῆναι, πλησθήσεσθαι, πνεύματος ἁγίου, [Luk 1:15], [Luk 1:41], [Luk 1:67]; [Act 2:4]; [Act 4:8], [Act 4:31]; [Act 9:17]; [Act 13:9]; πνεύματος ἁγίου πλήρης, [Act 6:5]; [Act 7:55]; [Act 11:24]; πλήρεις πνεύματος (Rec. adds ἁγίου) καί σοφίας, [Act 6:3]; πνεύματι and πνεύματι Θεοῦ ἄγεσθαι, to be led by the Holy Spirit, [Rom 8:14]; [Gal 5:18]; φέρεσθαι ὑπό πνεύματος ἁγίου [2Pe 1:21]; the Spirit is said to dwell in the minds of Christians, [Rom 8:9], [Rom 8:11]; [1Co 3:16]; [1Co 6:19]; [2Ti 1:14]; [Jam 4:5] (other expressions may be found under βαπτίζω, II.
b. bb.; γεννάω, 1 at the end and 2 d.; ἐκχέω b.; χρίω, a.); γίνεσθαι ἐν πνεύματι, to come to be in the Spirit, under the power of the Spirit, i. e. in a state of inspiration or ecstasy, [Rev 1:10]; [Rev 4:2]. Dative πνεύματι, by the power and aid of the Spirit, the Spirit prompting, [Rom 8:13]; [Gal 5:5]; τῷ πνεύματι τῷ ἁγίῳ, [Luk 10:21] L Tr WH; πνεύματι ἁγίῳ, [1Pe 1:12] (where R G T have ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ); πνεύματι Θεοῦ, [Phi 3:3] L T Tr WH; also ἐν πνεύματι, [Eph 2:22]; [Eph 3:5] (where ἐν πνεύματι must be joined to ἀπεκαλύφθη); ἐν πνεύματι, in the power of the Spirit, possessed and moved by the Spirit, [Mat 22:43]; [Rev 17:3]; [Rev 21:10]; also ἐν τῷ πνεύματι, [Luk 2:27]; [Luk 4:1]; ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἁγίῳ, [Luk 10:21] Tdf.; ἐν τῇ δυνάμει τοῦ πνευματου, [Luk 4:14]; ἐν τῷ πνεύματι τῷ ἁγίῳ εἰπεῖν, [Mar 12:36]; ἐν πνεύματι (ἁγίῳ) προσεύχεσθαι, [Eph 6:18]; Jude 1:20; ἐν πνεύματι Θεοῦ λαλεῖν, [1Co 12:3]; ἀγάπη ἐν πνεύματι, love which the Spirit begets, [Col 1:8]; περιτομή ἐν πνεύματι, effected by the Holy Spirit, opposed to γράμματι, the prescription of the written law, [Rom 2:29]; τύπος γίνου τῶν πιστῶν ἐν πνεῦμα, in the way in which you are governed by the Spirit, [1Ti 4:12] Rec.; (ἐν ἑνί πνεύματι, [Eph 2:18]); ἡ ἑνότης τοῦ πνεύματος, effected by the Spirit, [Eph 4:3]; καινότης τοῦ πνευματου, [Rom 7:6]. τό πνεῦμα is opposed to ἡ σάρξ i. e. human nature left to itself and without the controlling influence of God's Spirit, subject to error and sin, [Gal 5:17], [Gal 5:19], [Gal 5:22]; (); [Rom 8:6]; so in the phrases περιπατεῖν κατά πνεῦμα (opposed to κατά σάρκα), [Rom 8:1] Rec., 4; οἱ κατά πνεῦμα namely, ὄντες (opposed to οἱ κατά σάρκα ὄντες), those who bear the nature of the Spirit (i. e. οἱ πνευματικοί), [Rom 8:5]; ἐν πνεύματι εἶναι (opposed to ἐν σαρκί), to be under the power of the Spirit, to be guided by the Spirit, [Rom 8:9]; πνεύματι (dative of 'norm'; (cf. Buttmann, § 133, 22 b.; Winer's Grammar, 219 (205))) περιπατεῖν (opposed to ἐπιθυμίαν σαρκός τέλειν), [Gal 5:16]. The Holy Spirit is a δύναμις, and is expressly so called in [Luk 24:49], and δύναμις ὑπιστου, [Luk 1:35]; but we find also πνεῦμα (or πνεῦμα ἅγιον) καί δύναμις, [Act 10:38]; [1Co 2:4]; and ἡ δύναμις τοῦ πνεύματος, [Luk 4:14], where πνεῦμα is regarded as the essence, and δύναμις its efficacy; but in [1Th 1:5] ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ is epexegetical of ἐν δυνάμει. In some passages the Holy Spirit is rhetorically represented as a Person ((cf. references below)): [Mat 28:19]; [Joh 14:16]f, 26; [Joh 15:26]; [Joh 16:13-15] (in which passages from John the personification was suggested by the fact that the Holy Spirit was about to assume with the apostles the place of a person, namely of Christ); τό πνεῦμα, καθώς βούλεται, [1Co 12:11]; what anyone through the help of the Holy Spirit has come to understand or decide upon is said to have been spoken to him by the Holy Spirit: εἶπε τό πνεῦμα τίνι, [Act 8:29]; [Act 10:19]; [Act 11:12]; [Act 13:4]; τό πνεῦμα τό ἅγιον διαμαρτύρεταί μοι, [Act 20:23]. τό πνεῦμα τό ἅγιον ἔθετο ἐπισκόπους, i. e. not only rendered them fit to discharge the office of bishop, but also exercised such an influence in their election ([Act 14:23]) that none except fit persons were chosen to the office, [Act 20:28]; τό πνεῦμα ὑπερεντυγχάνει στεναγμοῖς ἀλαλήτοις in [Rom 8:26] means, as the whole context shows, nothing other than this: 'although we have no very definite conception of what we desire (τί προσευξώμεθα), and cannot state it in fit language (καθό δεῖ) in our prayer but only disclose it by inarticulate groanings, yet God receives these groanings as acceptable prayers inasmuch as they come from a soul full of the Holy Spirit.' Those who strive against the sanctifying impulses of the Holy Spirit are said ἀντιπίπτειν τῷ πνεύματι τῷ ἁγίῳ, [Act 7:51]; ἐνυβρίζειν τό πνεῦμα τῆς χάριτος, [Heb 10:29]. πειράζειν τό πνεῦμα τοῦ κυρίου is applied to those who by falsehood would discover whether men full of the Holy Spirit can be deceived, [Act 5:9]; by anthropopathism those who disregard decency in their speech are said λύπειν τό πνεῦμα τό ἅγιον, since by that they are taught how they ought to talk, [Eph 4:30] (παροξύνειν τό πνεῦμα, [Isa 63:10]; παραπικραίνειν, [Psa 105:33]). Cf. Grimm, Institutio theologiae dogmaticae, § 131; (Weiss, Biblical Theol. § 155 (and Index under the phrase, 'Geist Gottes,' 'Spirit of God') Kahnis, Lehre vom Heil. Geiste; Fritzsche, Nova opuscc. acad., p. 278ff; B. D. under the word Spirit the Holy; Swete in Dict. of Christ. Biog. under the phrase, Holy Ghost).
b. τά ἑπτά πνεύματα τοῦ Θεοῦ, Rev. ( (where Rec.st omit ἁπτα)); [Rev 4:5]; [Rev 5:6] (here L omits; WH brackets ἑπτά), which are said to be ἐνώπιον τοῦ θρόνου τοῦ Θεοῦ ([Rev 1:4]) are not seven angels, but one and the same divine Spirit manifesting itself in seven energies or operations (which are rhetorically personified, [Zec 3:9]; [Zec 4:6], [Zec 4:10]); cf. Düsterdieck on [Rev 1:4]; (Trench, Epistles to the Seven Churches, edition 3, p. 7f).
c. by metonymy, πενυμα is used of α. "one in whom a spirit (πνεῦμα) is manifest or embodied; hence, equivalent to actuated by a spirit, whether divine or demoniacal; one who either is truly moved by God's Spirit or falsely boasts that he is": [2Th 2:2]; [1Jo 4:2], [1Jo 4:3]; hence, διακρίσεις πνευμάτων, [1Co 12:10]; μή παντί πνεύματι πιστεύετε, [1Jo 4:1]; δοκιμάζετε τά πνεύματα, εἰ ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστιν, ibid.; πνεύματα πλανᾷ joined with διδασκαλιαι δαιμονίων, [1Ti 4:1]. But in the truest and highest sense it is said κύριος τό πνεῦμα ἐστιν, he in whom the entire fullness of the Spirit dwells, and from whom that fullness is diffused through the body of Christian believers, [2Co 3:17]. β. the plural πνεύματα denotes the various modes and gifts by which the Holy Spirit shows itself operative in those in whom it dwells (such as τό πνεῦμα τῆς προφητείας, τῆς σοφίας, etc.), [1Co 14:12].
5. universally, "the disposition or influence which fills and governs the soul of anyone; the efficient source of any power, affection, emotion, desire," etc.: τῷ αὐτῷ πνεύματι περιεπατήσαμεν, [2Co 12:18]; ἐν πνεύματι ἡλίου, in the same spirit with which Elijah was filled of old, [Luk 1:17]; τά ῤήματα... πνεῦμα ἐστιν, exhale a spirit (and fill believers with it), [Joh 6:63]; οἵου πνεύματος ἐστε ὑμεῖς (what manner of spirit ye are of) viz. a divine spirit, that I have imparted unto you, [Luk 9:55] (Rec.; (cf. B. § 132, 11 I.; Winer's Grammar, § 30, 5)); τῷ πνεύματι, ᾧ ἐλάλει, [Act 6:10], where see Meyer; πραυ καί ἡσύχιον πνεῦμα, [1Pe 3:4]; πνεῦμα πρᾳότητος, such as belongs to the meek, [1Co 4:21]; [Gal 6:1]; τό πνεῦμα τῆς προφητείας, such as characterizes prophecy and by which the prophets are governed, [Rev 19:10]; τῆς ἀληθείας, σοφίας καί ἀποκαλύψεως, see above, p. 521b middle ([Isa 11:2]; [Deu 34:9]; Wis. 7:7); τῆς πίστεως, [2Co 4:13]; τῆς υἱοθεσίας, such as belongs to sons, [Rom 8:15]; τῆς ζωῆς ἐν Χριστῷ, of the life which one gets in fellowship with Christ, ibid. 2; δυνάμεως καί ἀγάπης καί σωφρονισμοῦ, [2Ti 1:7]; ἕν πνεῦμα εἶναι with Christ, equivalent to to be filled with the same spirit as Christ and by the bond of that spirit to be intimately united to Christ, [1Co 6:17]; ἐν ἑνί πνεύματι, by the reception of one Spirit's efficency, [1Co 12:13]; εἰς ἕν πνεῦμα, so as to be united into one body filled with one Spirit, ibid. R G; ἕν πνεῦμα ποτίζεσθαι (made to drink of i. e.) imbued with one Spirit, ibid. L T Tr WH (see ποτίζω); ἕν σῶμα καί ἐν πνεῦμα, one (social) body filled and animated by one spirit, [Eph 4:4]; — in all these passages although the language is general, yet it is clear from the context that the writer means a spirit begotten of the Holy Spirit or even identical with that Spirit ((cf. Clement of Rome, 1 Cor. 46, 6 [ET]; Hermas, sim. 9, 13, 18 [ET]; Ignatius ad Magn. 7 [ET])). In opposition to the divine Spirit stand, τό πνεῦμα τό ἐνεργουν ἐν τοῖς υἱοῖς τῆς ἀπειθείας (a spirit) that comes from the devil), [Eph 2:2]; also τό πνεῦμα τοῦ κόσμου, the spirit that actuates the unholy multitude, [1Co 2:12]; δουλείας, such as characterizes and governs slaves, [Rom 8:15]; κατανύξεως, [Rom 11:8]; δειλίας, [2Ti 1:7]; τῆς πλάνης, [1Jo 4:6] (πλανήσεως, [Isa 19:14]; πορνείας, [Hos 4:12]; [Hos 5:4]); τό τοῦ ἀντιχρίστου namely, πνεῦμα, [1Jo 4:3]; ἕτερον πνεῦμα λαμβάνειν, i. e. different from the Holy Spirit, [2Co 11:4]; τό πνεῦμα τοῦ νως, the governing spirit of the mind, [Eph 4:23]. Cf. Ackermann, Beiträge zur theol. Würdigung u. Abwägung der Begriffe πνεῦμα, νοῦς, u. Geist, in the Theol. Studien und Kritiken for 1839, p. 873ff; Büchsenschütz, La doctrine de l'Esprit de Dieu selon l'aneien et nouveau testament. Strasb. 1840; Chr. From Fritzsche, De Spiritu Sancto commentatio exegetica et dogmatica, 4 Pts. Hal. 1840f, included in his Nova opuscula academica (Turici, 1846), p. 233ff; Kahnis, Die Lehre v. hiel. Geist. Part i. (Halle, 1847); an anonymous publication (by Prince Ludwig Solms Lich, entitled) Die biblische Bedeutung des Wortes Geist. (Giessen, 1862); H. H. Wendt, Die Begriffe Fleisch u. Geist im Biblical Sprachgebrauch. (Gotha, 1878); (Cremer, in Herzog edition 2, under the phrase, Geist des Menschen; G. L. Hahn, Theol. d. N. Test. i. § 149ff; J. Laidlaw, The Bible Doctrine of Man. (Cunningham Lects., 7th Series, 1880); Dickson, St. Paul's use of the terms Flesh and Spirit. (Glasgow, 1883); and references in B. D. (especially Amos edition) and Dict. of Christ. Biog., as above, 4 a. at the end.)
τνεῦμα , - τος , τό
( < πνέω ),
[in LXX chiefly and very freq . for H7307;]
1. of air in motion;
(a) wind: [Joh 3:8]; pl ., [Heb 1:7] ( LXX );
(b) breath: Papyri ζωῆς , [Rev 11:11]; Papyri τοῦ στοματος , fig ., [2Th 2:8] ( cf. [Psa 33:6]).
2. Of the vital principle, the spirit ( Arist ., Polyb ., al. ) : [Luk 8:55], [Joh 19:30], [Act 7:59], al. ; opp . to σάρξ , [Mat 26:41], [Mar 14:3] S, [1Co 5:5], al. ; to σώμα , [Rom 8:10], [1Co 6:17]; [1Co 7:34], [1Pe 4:6]; to ψυχή , [Php 1:27], [Heb 4:12]; τὸ Papyri καὶ ἡ ψ . καὶ τ . σῶμα , [1Th 5:23] ( M , Th ., in l ); dat ., τῷ Papyri, in spirit, [Mar 2:8]; [Mar 8:12], [Joh 11:33]; [Joh 13:21], [Act 18:25], [Rom 12:11], 1Co 7:34 , [1Pe 3:18], al. ; of the human spirit of Christ, [Rom 1:4], [1Ti 3:16].
3. spirit, i.e . frame of mind, disposition, influence : [Luk 1:17], Rom 8:15 , [1Co 4:21], [Gal 6:1], [Eph 2:2], 2Ti 1:7 , [1Jn 4:6], al.
4. An incorporeal being, a spirit: [Luk 24:37]; [Luk 24:39], [Act 23:8]; Papyri ὁ θεός , God is spirit, [Joh 4:24]; πατὴρ τῶν Papyri, [Heb 12:9]; of disembodied human beings, [Heb 12:23], [1Pe 3:19] ( ICC , in l ; DB, iii, 795); of angels, [Heb 1:14]; of demons or evil spirits, [Mat 8:16], [Mar 9:20], [Luk 9:39], al. ; Papyri πύθωνα , [Act 16:16]; πνεύματα δαιμονίων , [Rev 16:14]; Papyri δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου , [Luk 4:33]; Papyri ἀσθενείας (B1„ § 35, 5), [Luk 13:11]; Papyri ἀκάθαρτον , [Mat 10:1], [Mar 1:23], [Luk 4:36], [Act 5:16]; Papyri ἄλαλον ( καὶ κωφόν ), [Mar 9:17]; [Mar 9:25]; πονηρόν , [Luk 7:21], [Act 19:12], al.
5. Of the Holy Spirit, Papyri ἅγιον , τὸ ἅ . Papyri, τὸ Papyri τὸ ἅ ., τὸ Papyri, Papyri (the article as a rule being used when the Spirit is regarded as a Person or a Divine Power, and omitted when the reference is to an operation, influence or gift of the Spirit; v. WM , 151.5; Bl., § 46, 7) : anarth., [Mat 1:18]; [Mat 3:11]; [Mat 3:16]; [Mat 4:1] [Mar 1:8] ( Swete , in l ), ib . [Mar 1:10], [Luk 1:15], [Joh 7:39], [Act 19:2], Rom 5:5 , [1Co 2:4], al. ; c . art., [Mat 4:1]; [Mat 12:31-32] [Mar 1:10]; [Mar 3:29], [Luk 2:26], [Joh 7:39]; [Joh 14:26], [Act 4:31]; [Act 5:3], [Rom 8:16], al. ; ( τὸ ) Papyri ( τοῦ ) θεοῦ , [Mat 3:16], [Rom 8:9], [Eph 3:16]; [Eph 3:1-21 :][1Jn 4:2], al. ; τὸ Papyri τ . πατρός , [Mat 10:20]; Papyri θεοῦ , ζῶντος , [2Co 3:3]; ( τὸ ) Papyri τοῦ κυρίου , [Luk 4:18], [Act 5:9]; [Act 8:39]; τὸ Papyri Ἰησοῦ , [Act 16:7]; Χριστοῦ , [Rom 8:9]; Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ , [Php 1:19]; τὸ Papyri τ . ἀληθείας , [Joh 15:26]; [Joh 16:13]; [Joh 16:1-33 :][1Jn 4:6]; λέγει ( μαρτυρεῖ ) τὸ Papyri ( τὸ ἅγι ov), [Act 21:11]; [Act 28:25], [1Ti 4:1], [Heb 3:7]; [Heb 10:15], [Rev 14:13]; seq . τ . ἐκκλησίαις , [Rev 2:7]; [Rev 2:14]; [Rev 2:17]; [Rev 2:29]; [Rev 3:6]; [Rev 3:13]; [Rev 3:22]; ἐν τ . Papyri, [Luk 2:27]; κατὰ πνεῦμα , [Rom 8:4-5]; ἐξ ὕδατος καὶ Papyri, [Joh 3:5]; διὰ πνεύματος αἰωνίου , [Heb 9:14]; ἐν ἁ y ιασμῷ πνεύματος , 2Th 2:13 , [1Pe 1:2]; ἓν Papyri, [1Co 12:13], [Eph 2:18]; [Eph 4:4]; ὁ δὲ κύριος τὸ Papyri ἐστιν , [2Co 3:17]; of that which is effected or governed by the Spirit, opp . to γράμμα , [Rom 2:29]; Rom 7:6 , [2Co 3:6].
SYN.: νοῦς G3563, which in NT is contrasted with Papyri as "the action of the understanding in man with that of the spiritual or ecstatic im-pulse" ( DB, iv, 612); ψυχή G5590 -the usual term in cl . psychology-in NT, "expresses man as apart from God, a separate individual. Papyri expresses man as drawing his life from God" ( DB, 1-vol., 872).