H3068. Yhvh
יהוהc. 6823 i.e. יַהְוֶה
proper name, of deity Yahweh, the proper name of the God of Israel — (
1 יְהוָֺה ᵑ0C518 (Qr אֲדֹנָי), or יֱהוִֺה305 (Qr אֱלֹהִים), in the combinations יהוה אדני & אדני יהוה (see אֲדֹנֶי), and with preposition מֵיהוָֺה לַיהוָֺה, בַּיהוָֺה, (Qr מֵאדֹנָי לַאדֹנָי, בַּאדֹנָי,), do not give the original form. ᵐ5 and other Vrss follow the Qr. On the basis of [Exod 20:7]; [Lev 24:11] יהוה was regarded as a nomen ineffabile (see Philode Vita Mosis iii. 519, 529), called by the Jews הַשֵּׁם and by the Samaritans שׁימא. The pronunciation Jehovah was unknown until 1520, when it was introduced by Galatinus; but it was contested by Le Mercier, J. Drusius, and L. Capellus, as against grammatical and historical propriety (compare Bö§ 88). The traditional Ἰαβέ of Theodoret and Epiphanius, the יְהוֺֿ יָֿהוּ, of compound proper name and the contracted form יָהּ all favour יַהְוֶךְ (compare יַהֲלֹמ֑וּן [Psa 74:6]; תַּהֲרוּ [Isa 33:11]), see LagSym i.14 BaudStudien i.179 ff.; DrStud.Bib.i.1 ff. For Jeve see StaZAW 1881, 346 Deib.1882, 173 f. & Gn. Excurs. ii.
2 on literature of interpretations see NesEg.67 Drl.c. — Many recent scholars explain יַהְוֶה as Hiph`il of היה (=היה) the one bringing into being, life-giver (compare חַוָּה [Gen 3:20]) Schr HSch; giver of existence, creator, Kue Tiele; he who brings to pass (so already Le Clerc),performer of his promises, Lag, NesEg.88 (but NesEg.91 inclines to Qal as RSBrit. & For. Ev. Rev see below); or from היה he who causes to fall, rain or lightning RSOTJC.ed.1, 423; om.ed.2, 245, compare WeSkizzen iii.175; 'Fäller,' destroying foes, StaG.i.429 (dubiously). But most take it as Qal of הוה (= היה); the one who is: i.e. the absolute and unchangeable one, Ri; the existing, ever living, as self-consistent and unchangeable, Di; or the one ever coming into manifestation as the God of redemption, De Oehl; compare also RSBrit. & For. Ev. Rev. 1876, he will be it, i.e all that his servants look for (compare Ewinfr), he will approve himself (give evidence of being, assert his being Drl.c.17)). **Theories of non-Hebrew or non-Semitic origin, opposed (in their older forms) by BauRel. i. 181 ff. (see especially 230); DlPa 162 ff. claimed Babylonian origin for יהו, against this Kuenational Religions, etc., Note iv (Eng. Trans. 329 ff.) JastrJBL xiil {1894}, 103 f. compare HptBAS i. 170 N; DlBabel u. Bibel, 46 f., 73 f. makes same claim for יהוה, against this see especially HirschZAW xxiil {1903}, 355 ff. ZimKATS. 465 ff.; SpiegelbZMG:liii {1899}, 633 ff. proposes (improbable) Egyptian etymology for יהוה; further discussions see in KöEB NAMES, § 112 and n.3. 'Jehovah' found in Jacob (? Johannes) Wessel († 1480), according to SchwThLZ, 1905, col. 612.
I. יהוה is not used by E in Genesis, but is given [Exod 3:12-15] as the name of the God who revealed Himself to Moses at Horeb, and is explained thus : עִמָּ֑ךְ אֶהְיֶה I shall be with thee ([3:12]), which is then implied in אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה I shall be the one who will be it [3:14]a (i.e: with thee [3:12]) and then compressed into אֶהְיֶה [3:14]b (i.e. with thee [3:12]), which then is given in the nominal form יהוה He who will be it [3:15] (i.e. with thee [3:12]). compare EwBTh ii. 337, 338 RSl.c., Proph. 385 ff. Other interpretations are: I am he who I am, i.e. it is no concern of yours (Le Clerc LagPsalt.Hieron.156); I am (this is my name), inasmuch as I am (אֲשֶׁר = כִּי; AE JDMich WeJD Th xxi, 540 = compare Hexateuch 72); Di and others I am who I am, he who is essentially unnameable, inexplicable, — E uses יהוה sparingly by the side of אלהים and האלהים in his subsequent narrative. The Ephraimitic writers in Judges Samuel Kings use it in similar proportions. P abstains from the use of יהוה until he gives an account of its revelation to Moses [6:3]; but subsequently uses it freely. He gives no explanation of its meaning. He represents that שַׁדַּי אֵל was the God of the patriarchs. J uses יהוה from the beginning of his narrative, possibly explaining it, Genesis 21:83 by עולם אל, the evergreen tamarisk being a symbol of the ever-living God; compare De [Gen 21:33]. Elsewhere יהוה is the common divine name in pre-exilic writers, but in post-exilic writers gradually falls into disuse, and is supplanted by אלהים and אדני. In Job it is used 31 t. in prose parts, and [Job 12:9] (a proverb); not elsewhere in the poem. Chronicles apart from his sources prefers אלהים and האלהים. Daniel uses יהוה only in chap. 9 (7 t.); Ecclesiastes not at all. In the Elohistic group of Psalm 42-83 it is used 39 t. (see אלהים) . It occurs as the name of Israel's God MI18. It is doubtful whether it was used by other branches of the Shemitic family, compare COT [Gen 2:4]b DlPa 158 ff. DrStud. Bib. i. 7 ff.
II. 1. יהוה is used with אלהים and suffixes, especially in D;
a. with אֱלֹהֶיךָ in the Ten Words [Exod 20:2-12] (5 t.) = [Deut 5:6-16]; in the law of worship of J E, [Exod 23:19]; [34:24], [26]; in D 234 t.; [Josh 1:9], [17]; [9:9], [24] (D2); elsewhere [Gen 27:20]; [Exod 15:26] (JE), [Judg 6:26]; Samuel & Kings 20 t.; [1Chr 11:2]; [22:11-12], [2Chr 9:8] (twice in verse); [16:7]; [Isa 7:11]; [37:4] (twice in verse); [41:13]; [43:3]; [51:15]; [55:5]; [Jer 40:2] + (3t.); [Hosea 12:10]; [13:4]; [14:2]; [Amos 9:15]; [Psa 81:11].
b. with אֱלֹהֵיכֶם in D 46 t.; D228t.; H 15 t.; P 15 t.; elsewhere [Exod 23:25] (E); [8:24]; [10:8], [16], [17] (JE); [Judg 6:10]; [1Sam 12:12], [14]; [2Kin 17:39]; [23:21]; [1Chr 22:18] + (10 t. Chronicles) [Psa 76:12]; [Jer 13:16] + (5 t.) [Ezek 20:5], [7], [19], [20]; [Joel 2:13] + (6 t.) [Zech 6:15].
c. with אֱלֹהֵינוּ in D 23 t.; in D25t.; [Exod 8:6] (JE) [3:18]; [5:3]; [8:22]; [8:23]; [10:25-26], (E) [Judg 11:24]; [1Sam 7:8]; [1Kin 8:57], [59], [61], [65]; [2Kin 18:22]; [19:10] = [Isa 36:7]; [37:20]; [1Chr 13:2] + (15 t. Chronicles) [Micah 4:5]; [7:17]; [Isa 26:13]; [Jer 3:22] + (17 t.) [Psa 20:8]; [90:17] (?;Baer אֲדנָֹי); [94:23]; [99:5]; [99:8]; [99:9] (twice in verse); [105:7]; [106:47]; [113:5]; [122:9]; [123:2]; [Dan 9:10], [13], [14].
d. with אֱלֹהֵיהֶם [Exod 10:7] (J) [29:46] (twice in verse); [Lev 26:44] (P) [Judg 3:7]; [8:34]; [1Sam 12:9]; [1Kin 9:9]; [2Kin 17:7], [9], [14], [16], [19]; [18:12]; [2Chr 31:6]; [33:17]; [34:33]; [Neh 9:3] (twice in verse); [9:4]; [Jer 3:21]; [22:9]; [30:9]; [43:1] (twice in verse); [50:4]; [Ezek 28:26]; [34:30]; [39:22], [28]; [Hosea 1:7]; [3:5]; [7:10]; [Zeph 2:7]; [Hag 1:12] (twice in verse); [Zech 9:16]; [10:6].
e. with אֱלֹהָיו [Num 23:21] (E) [Exod 32:11] (J) [Lev 4:22] (P) [Deut 17:19]; [18:7]; [1Sam 30:6]; [1Kin 5:17]; [11:4]; [15:3-4], [2Kin 5:11]; [16:2]; [2Chr 1:1] [13]t. Chronicles; [Micah 5:3]; [Jer 7:28]; [Psa 33:12]; [144:15]; [146:5]; [Jonah 2:2].
f. with אֱלֹהַי [Num 22:18] (JE) [Deut 4:5]; [18:16]; [26:14]; [Josh 14:8-9], [2Sam 24:24]; [1Kin 3:7]; [5:18]; 1 Kings 5:19; [8:28]; [17:20-21], [1Chr 21:17]; [22:7]; [2Chr 2:3]; [6:19]; [Ezra 7:28]; [9:5]; [Psa 7:2]; [7:4]; [13:4]; [18:29]; [30:3]; Psalm 30:13; [35:24]; [40:6]; [104:1]; [109:26]; [Isa 25:1]; [Jer 31:18]; [Dan 9:4], [20]; [Jonah 2:7]; [Hab 1:12]; [Zech 11:4]; [13:9]; [14:5].
g. with אֱלֹהַיִךְ [Isa 60:9]; [Jer 2:17], [19]; [3:13]; [Micah 7:10]; [Zeph 3:17].
h. with אלהים, probably always due to later editors, or to a Qr which has crept into the text [Gen 2:4]b — [3:23] (J, 20 t. either אלהים inserted by RP as Di De; or יהוה inserted by J in an older source); [Exod 9:30] (J, but not in ⅏ ᵐ5; Samaritan יהוה אדני; possibly ᵑ0 from earlier Qr, & ⅏ from later Qr); [2Sam 7:22], [25] (יהוה אדני ᵐ5 and [1Chr 17:20-23] only יהוה); [17:16-17], (but [2Sam 7:18-19], יהוה אדני) [1Chr 28:20]; [29:1]; [2Chr 1:9]; [6:41] (twice in verse); [6:42]; [26:18] (but in the original [Psa 132:8] stood יהוה (so ℌ), or else no divine name); [72:18] (the late doxology) [84:12] (but it makes the line too long); [Jonah 4:6]. For the combinations with other divine names see those names.
2 the phrase יהוה אֲנִי is noteworthy: —
a. after אמר either alone [Exod 6:2], [29] (P) or before relative and other clauses: [Gen 28:13] (J) [15:7] (R) [Exod 6:6] (P) with אלהיכם [Judg 6:10]; [Ezek 20:5].
b. after כי ידע (α) [Exod 7:17]; [8:18]; [10:2] (J); [7:5]; [14:4], [18] (P); [1Kin 20:13], [28]; [Jer 24:7]; [Ezek 6:7] 48t. Ezekiel; (β) with אלהיכם [Exod 6:7]; [16:12]; [Deut 29:5] (P) [Exod 20:20]; Joel 4:17; (γ) with אלהיהם [29:46] (P) [Ezek 28:26]; [34:30]; [39:22], [28]; (δ) before relative and other clauses [Isa 45:3]; [49:23], [26]; [60:16]; [Ezek 7:9]; [17:24]; [21:10]; [22:22]; [35:12]; [36:36]; (ε) with various forms of קדשׁ [Exod 31:13] (P) [Ezek 20:12]; [37:28]; [39:7]; (ζ) with דברתי [5:13]; [17:21], compare י אני אשׁר ׳יֵדְעוּ [20:26].
c. after כִּי in various combinations [Lev 11:44-45], [Num 35:34] (P), [Lev 20:7], [26]; [21:8], [15], [23]; [22:16]; [24:22]; [25:17]; [26:1], [44] (all H); [Exod 15:26] (R) [Isa 41:13]; [43:3]; [61:8]; [Jer 9:23]; [Ezek 12:25]; [21:4]; [Zech 10:6]; [Mal 3:6].
d. emphatic [Exod 6:8]; [12:12]; [Lev 26:2], [45]; [Num 3:13], [41], [45] (all P); [Lev 18:5-6], [21]; [19:12], [14], [16], [18], [28], [30], [32], [37]; [21:12]; [22:2-3], [8], [30], [31], [33] (all H) [Isa 43:15]; with אלהיהם [Exod 29:46]; with אלהיךָ [Isa 48:17]; with אלהיכם [Lev 23:43]; [25:38], [55]; [Num 10:10]; [15:41] (twice in verse) (P) [Lev 18:2], [4], [30]; [19:2-3], [4], [10], [25], [31], [34], [36]; [20:24]; [23:22]; [26:13] (all H) [Ezek 20:7], [19]; [Joel 2:27]; with מְקַדֵּשׁ [Lev 20:8]; [22:9], [32] (H), with דברתי [Num 14:35] (P) [Ezek 5:15] + (11 t. Ezekiel); with clauses [Isa 27:3]; [41:4], [17]; [42:6], [8]; [45:5-6], [7], [8], [18], [19], [21]; [60:22]; [Jer 17:10]; [32:27]; [Ezek 14:4], [7], [9]; [34:24]; יהוה אָנֹכִי is used in the Ten Words [Exod 20:2], [5] = [Deut 5:6], [9] cited [Psa 81:11]; [Hosea 12:10]; [13:4]; elsewhere only [Exod 4:11] (J) [Isa 43:11]; [44:24]; [51:15].
3 יהוה is also used with several predicates, to form sacred names of holy places of Yahweh יראה יהוה [Gen 22:14] (J); נסי יהוה [Exod 17:15] (E) שׁלים יהוה [Judg 6:24] צדקנו יהוה [Jer 33:16] (compare [23:6] where it is applied to the Messiah); שָׁ֑מָּה יהוה [Ezek 48:35]. — On combinations such as ׳י צְבָאוֺת י, ׳הַר etc., see צָבָא הַר,, etc.
Note. — BonkZAW 1891, 126 ff. seems to shew that as prefix, in compare proper name, יְהוֺ is the oldest and the latest form and that יוֺ is intermediate, belonging to the earlier post-exilic period until the time of Chronicles; occasional copyists' mistakes being taken into the account.
׳יְהוֺ proper name compounded with, see below יהוה above.
יהוה proper name, of deity, see below הוה.
׳יו = ׳יְהוֺ
proper name compounded with, see below יהוה above: — namely יוֺתָם יוֺרָם, יוֺקִים, יוֺעָשׁ, יוֺעֵד, יוֺיָרִיב, יוֺיָקִים, יוֺיָכִין, יוֺאָשׁ, יוֺאֵל, יוֺאָחָז, יוֺאָח, יוֺאָב,, etc.
יהוה / יְהוִה
原文音譯：hw"hoy> yeh-ho-vaw’
詞類次數：專有名詞（H6583（פַּשְׁחוּר））
原文字根：相當於G2962（κύριος）
字義溯源：自有，永有，主，耶和華，神的名。源自（H1961（אֶהְיֶה / הָיָה）*=存在）比較（H3050（יָהּ）=耶和華聖名）比較（H3069（יהוה / יְהוִה）=耶和華阿）耶和華是永生神的名，是榮耀可畏的名（[申28:58]）這字希伯來文含有‘我是’，或‘我必是’的意思。神對摩西說，我必與你同在（[出3:12]），意即：我必是與你同在。接著神又說，我是自有永有的（[出3:14]），這字原文可譯為：我是那我是的，或我必是那我必是的；這字是未完成式，所以可以接下去說，我必是與你同在，那我必是的打發你去。比較（[出3:15]）就可知道，這位那我是的，乃是守約的神。這字有的英譯為：永在的。因著希伯來文的原文只有子音，沒有母音的，所以這字的發音，只靠祖先傳給後代而來。根據他們的名字，可以揣摩出一些發音來，似乎‘亞’是耶和華的簡縮，如以賽亞，意為：耶和華已拯救；又如約沙法（原文發音：耶和沙法），意為耶和華已審判。約在主前三百年，有些文士根據十誡中的第三誡，不可妄稱神的名，所以他們就不再去追查神的名到底如何發音。到了主前二百年左右，七十士將舊約從希伯來文譯成希臘文時，就將耶和華譯為‘主’kurios，許多英譯也採用Lord。到第六，七世記時，猶太聖經學者為了幫助神的子民閱讀聖經，就將希伯來文聖經加註母音音標；在YHWH（耶和華的希伯來文之英文對等字）之下註上：adhon（意為：主），並非該字的發音，而是該字的意譯。約在主後一千二百廿年，有些歐洲聖經學者將adhon與YHWH結合而成的發音就是耶和華；這並非此字的正式讀音，但一直沿用下來，英譯：Jehovah，和合本譯為：耶和華。聖經中也常用神名字的複合字，如：1。耶和華神（[書10:42]）；2。主耶和華（[創15:2]）神，多是說到主權，命令，吩咐；耶和華，多是說到拯救，救贖；如：神吩咐挪亞，而耶和華把他關在方舟裏頭（[創7:16]）；又如：諸天述說神的榮耀（[詩19:1]），而耶和華是我的磐石，我的救贖主（[詩19:14]）3。萬軍之耶和華；大衛與歌利亞對戰時，他說，我是靠萬軍之耶和華的名（[撒上17:45]）；新約雅各書也說到富主剝奪工人的工錢，收割者的冤聲已經進入萬軍之主耳中（[雅5:4]）；保羅在（[羅9:29]）那裏也引用（[賽1:9]）說：若不是萬軍之耶和華（主）給我們稍留餘種，我們早已像所多瑪蛾摩拉的樣子了。所以萬軍之耶和華，是神聖屬天的名，說出神是宇宙萬有一切權能的主宰，有的英譯為Lord Almighty，意即：全能的主!
出現次數：總共（6530）；創（161）；出（390）；利（311）；民（393）；申（542）；書（223）；士（170）；得（18）；撒上（319）；撒下（147）；王上（253）；王下（271）；代上（166）；代下（382）；拉（37）；尼（17）；伯（32）；詩（529）；箴（87）；賽（432）；耶（701）；哀（22）；結（428）；但（7）；何（45）；珥（30）；摩（79）；俄（7）；拿（23）；彌（40）；鴻（13）；哈（8）；番（34）；該（35）；亞（132）；瑪（46）
譯字彙編：
1）耶和華（6250）數量太多，不能盡錄；
2）耶和華的（114）數量太多，不能盡錄；
3）願耶和華（27）[出5:21]；[得1:8]；[得1:9]；[得1:17]；[得2:4]；[得2:4]；[得2:12]；[得4:11]；[得4:12]；[撒上2:20]；[撒上20:13]；[撒上20:13]；[撒上20:16]；[撒上24:19]；[撒下2:6]；[撒下3:39]；[撒下24:3]；[撒下24:23]；[王上1:36]；[王下5:18]；[代上19:13]；[代上21:3]；[代上22:10]；[代下24:22]；[代下36:23]；[詩129:8]；[賽66:5]；
4）當耶和華（17）[撒上25:26]；[撒上26:10]；[撒上26:16]；[撒上28:10]；[撒下12:5]；[撒下14:11]；[撒下15:21]；[王上2:24]；[王上17:12]；[王上18:10]；[王上22:14]；[王下2:2]；[王下2:4]；[王下2:6]；[王下4:30]；[王下5:20]；[代下18:13]；
5）為耶和華（14）[書18:7]；[撒上18:17]；[撒上25:28]；[王上7:45]；[王上7:51]；[箴11:1]；[箴11:20]；[箴12:22]；[箴15:8]；[箴15:9]；[箴15:26]；[箴16:5]；[箴20:23]；[箴22:2]；
6）耶和華阿（9）[詩6:2]；[詩6:3]；[詩6:4]；[詩7:6]；[詩7:8]；[詩26:6]；[詩31:1]；[詩94:1]；[哀3:61]；
7）而耶和華（7）[創39:3]；[民12:2]；[民14:9]；[民30:8]；[王上14:5]；[代下18:22]；[代下24:24]；
8）耶和華面前（7）[創13:13]；[利5:15]；[利5:19]；[利17:5]；[民25:4]；[士21:8]；[撒上26:11]；
9）在耶和華（7）[創19:13]；[申4:27]；[撒上2:21]；[王下23:24]；[代上28:8]；[代下29:25]；[亞11:13]；
10）但耶和華（6）[出10:27]；[出18:8]；[申2:21]；[申3:26]；[拉3:6]；[詩118:13]；
11）惟耶和華（4）[詩9:7]；[箴16:9]；[耶10:10]；[哈2:20]；
12）耶和華前（4）[士20:1]；[撒上24:6]；[撒下21:6]；[撒下23:16]；
13）耶和華是（4）[出9:27]；[出15:3]；[王上18:21]；[詩118:27]；
14）因耶和華（3）[申17:16]；[撒下5:10]；[撒下17:14]；
15）和耶和華（3）[王下9:7]；[代上28:13]；[代下36:18]；
16）因為耶和華（3）[王上22:12]；[王上22:15]；[珥3:21]；
17）是耶和華（3）[申5:22]；[箴20:27]；[賽61:3]；
18）之耶和華（3）[撒上15:2]；[撒下7:26]；[撒下7:27]；
19）就是耶和華（3）[申4:2]；[代下12:13]；[何12:5]；
20）耶和華吧（2）[出12:31]；[結11:15]；
21）獻給耶和華的（2）[利4:35]；[利24:9]；
22）然而耶和華（2）[耶20:11]；[拿1:4]；
23）那時耶和華（2）[代上21:15]；[伯38:1]；
24）惟獨耶和華（2）[代上16:26]；[詩96:5]；
25）於是耶和華（2）[王下13:3]；[伯40:6]；
26）耶和華也（2）[伯1:21]；[詩125:2]；
27）其實耶和華（2）[撒上12:12]；[結13:6]；
28）與耶和華（2）[申2:37]；[賽3:8]；
29）都為耶和華（2）[申18:12]；[申25:16]；
30）主（2）[申6:4]；[詩68:26]；
31）所以耶和華（2）[詩18:24]；[耶14:10]；
32）我耶和華（2）[民12:6]；[王上20:28]；
33）耶和華裏（1）[亞10:12]；
34）這樣（1）[伯42:12]；
35）將耶和華（1）[拉7:11]；
36）有耶和華（1）[代上21:12]；
37）並耶和華（1）[代上28:13]；
38）以及耶和華（1）[申32:30]；
39）然而耶和華的（1）[民14:44]；
40）而耶和華的（1）[民14:10]；
41）被耶和華（1）[出7:25]；
42）耶和華就（1）[創13:14]；
43）把耶和華（1）[民20:4]；
44）使耶和華（1）[民25:4]；
45）並且耶和華（1）[王上22:23]；
46）指著耶和華（1）[撒下21:7]；
47）之耶和華阿（1）[撒上1:11]；
48）要在耶和華（1）[王下11:7]