πρό,
before, forth:
PREP. WITH GENIT.:
I of Place, before, in front of, ἠγερέθοντο π. ἄστεος Od. 24.468, cf. Il. 15.351, etc.; π. πτόλιος δεδαϊγμένον 19.292; κείνους κιχησόμεθα π. πυλάων 10.126, cf. 6.80, etc.; φύλοπις αἰνὴ ἕστηκε π. νεῶν 18.172; πυρὰ φαίνετο Ἰλιόθι π. 8.561, cf. 10.12, Od. 8.581, etc.; κλαγγὴ γεράνων πέλει οὐρανόθι π. Il. 3.3; π. τειχέων Pi. O. 13.56; ἔμπροσθε π. (v.l.) τῆς ἀκροπόλιος, ὄπισθε δὲ τῶν πυλέων Hdt. 8.53, cf. 9.52; π. δόμων, π. δωμάτων, in front of, i.e. outside the house, Pi. P. 2.18, 5.96, etc.; π. θυρῶν S. El. 109 (anap.), etc.; τὴν π. τοῦ Ἡραίου νῆσον before or off the Heraeum, Th. 3.75, cf. 7.22; π. ποδός, v. cross πούς 1.4a; π. χειρῶν at hand, S. Ant. 1279, E. Rh. 274, dub. in Tr. 1207; π. τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν προφαίνεσθαι Aeschin. 2.148 .
2. with Vbs. of motion, π. δ’ ἄρ’ αὐτῶν κύνες ἤϊσαν Od. 19.435, cf. Il. 23.115; π. Ἀχαιῶν ἄγγελος ᾔει 10.286, cf. 13.693; π. ἕθεν κλονέοντα φάλαγγας 5.96 .
3. before, in front of, for the purpose of shielding or guarding, π. Τρώων ἑσταότ’ Il. 24.215: hence, in defence of, μάχεσθαι . . π. τε παίδων καὶ π. γυναικῶν 8.57, cf. 4.156, 373, Hdt. 8.74, etc.; ὀλέσθαι π. πόληος, Lat. pro patria mori, Il. 22.110; π. τῆς Σπάρτης ἀποθνῄσκειν Hdt. 7.134, cf. 172, 9.72, E. Alc. 18, 645, etc.; π. τοῦ θανόντος . . ἔθεσθ’ ἐπιστροφήν S. OT 134; διακινδυνεῦσαι π. βασιλέως X. Cyr. 8.8.4; βουλεύεσθαι, πράττειν π. τινός, ib. 1.6.42, 4.5.44, cf. Mem. 2.4.7; π. τοξευμάτων as a defence against arrows, Id. An. 7.8.18: hence also, for, on behalf of, instead of, ἀγρυπνῆσαι π. τινῶν ib. 7.6.36, cf. Leg.Gort. 1.43; of an advocate, π. τῶνδε φωνεῖν S. OT 10, cf. OC 811; ὄτι δέ κ’ αὐτὸς π. Ειαυτοῦ [ἀμάρτῃ ] whatever offence he commits of his own volition, Kohler-Ziebarth Stadtrecht von Gortyn p.34 .
4. π. ὁδοῦ ἐγένοντο further on the road, i.e. forwards, onward, Il. 4.382, cf. Ael. NA 3.16, 7.29 (v. φροῦδος ): also to denote distance, π. πολλοῦ τῆς πόλεως D.H. 9.35; π. τριάκοντα σταδίων at a distance of 30 stades, Str. 8.6.24 .
5. π. ἠοῦς, π. ἑσπέρης τοῦ βωμοῦ, east wards, west wards of. ., IG 7.235.45 (Orop., iv B.C. ).
II of Time, before, π. γάμοιο Od. 15.524; ἠῶθι π. 5.469; π. ὃ τοῦ ἐνόησεν one before the other, Il. 10.224; more freq. in later writers, π. τῶν Τρωικῶν Th. 1.3, cf. 1.1; π. τοῦ θανεῖν S. Ant. 883; π. τοῦ θανάτου Pl. Phd. 57a; π. τοῦ λοιμοῦ Id. Smp. 201d; π. δείπνου X. Cyr. 5.5.39; π. ἡμέρας ib. 4.5.14; π. τοῦ χρῆσθαι before one uses it, Id. Mem. 2.6.6; π. μοίρας τῆς ἐμῆς before my doom, A. Ag. 1266; π. τῆς εἱμαρμένης Antipho 1.21; π. τοῦ καθήκοντος χρόνου Aeschin. 3.126, cf. 124; π. πολλοῦ long before, Hdt. 7.130, etc.; π. μικροῦ, π. ὀλίγου, Plu. Pomp. 73, App. BC 2.116; ὀλίγον π. τούτων Th. 2.8; τὸ π. τοῦ (v.l. cross τούτου ) ib. 15; π. τοῦ (sts. written προτοῦ ) A. Ag. 1204, Hdt. 1.122, 5.83, Ar. Th. 418, Pl. Smp. 173a; ὁ π. τοῦ χρόνος A. Eu. 462, Th. 2.58, etc.; π. τοῦ ἤ, = cross πρὶν ἤ, IG 7.2225.22 ( Thisbe ); οἱ π. ἡμῶν γενόμενοι Isoc. 13.19; οἱ π. ἐμοῦ Th. 1.97 .
2. in later writers freq. with Numerals, π. τριάκοντα ἡμερῶν thirty days before, Ael. NA 5.52; π. μιᾶς ἡμέρας Plu. Caes. 63; π. ἐνιαυτοῦ Id. 2.147e; π. δυεῖν ἡμερῶν ἢ ἐτελεύτα Id. Sull. 37: freq. c. dupl. gen., π. δύο ἐτῶν τοῦ σεισμοῦ, π. δύο ὡρῶν τῆς ἐπιβολῆς, LXX [Amo 1:1], Dsc. 1.64; π. ἓξ ἡμερῶν τοῦ πάσχα, π. μιᾶς ἡμέρας τῶν γενεθλίων, Ev.[Joh 12:1], Plu. 2.717d; π. πολλοῦ τῆς ἑορτῆς Luc. Sat. 14 . in rendering Roman dates, τῇ π. μιᾶς Νωνῶν Ὀκτωβρίων, = pridie Non. Oct., Plu. 2.203a, etc.
III in other relations:
1 of Preference, before, rather than, κέρδος αἰνῆσαι π. δίκας to praise sleight before right, Pi. P. 4.140, cf. Pl. R. 361e; πᾶν δὴ βουλόμενοι σφίσι εἶναι π. τῆς παρεούσης λύπης anything before, rather than, their actual trouble, Hdt. 7.152 (so, in order to avoid, π. τοῦ δεινοτάτου D. 54.19 ); πᾶν π. τοῦ δουλεῦσαι ἐπεξελθεῖν Th. 5.100, cf. 4.59; ἑλέσθαι, αἱρεῖσθαι, or κρῖναί τι π. τινός to choose one before another, Id. 5.36, Pl. R. 366b, Phlb. 57e; π. πολλοῦ ποιήσασθαι to esteem above much, i.e. very highly, Isoc. 5.138; π. πολλῶν χρημάτων τιμήσασθαί τι Th. 1.33, cf. 6.10; π. ἄλλων more than others, Pl. Mx. 249e (v.l.), cf. A. Th. 1002; δυσδαίμων . . π. πασᾶν γυναικῶν ib. 927 (codd., lyr.); π. πάντων θεῶν τῇ Ἑστίᾳ πρώτῃ προθύειν Pl. Cra. 401d: after a Comp. it is redundant, ἡ τυραννὶς π. ἐλευθερίης ἀσπαστότερον Hdt. 1.62, cf. 6.12, Pl. Ap. 28d, Cri. 54b, Phd. 99a; for ἤ after ἄλλος, οὐδεὶς ἄλλος π. σεῦ Hdt. 3.85, cf. 7.3 .
2. of Cause or Motive, for, from, π. φόβοιο for fear, Il. 17.667; ἀθλεύων π. ἄνακτος toiling before the face of, i.e. in his service, 24.734; π. τῶνδε there fore, S. El. 495 (lyr.).
POSITION: words may be put between π. and its case, Il. 23.115; but it does not follow its case, exc. after Ep. forms in -θι, Ἰλιόθι πρό, οὐρανόθι πρό, ἠῶθι πρό (v. supr.). πρό, abs. as ADV.: I of Place, before, opp. ἐπί ( after ), Il. 13.799, 800; before, in front, 15.360; forth, forward, ἐκ δ’ ἄγαγε π. φόωσδε 19.118; χωρεῖν π. δόμων to come forth from, S. Tr. 960 (lyr.); ἄγειν τινὰ π. δόμων E. Hec. 59 (anap.); γῆν π. γῆς ἐλαύνομαι I am driven on from one land to another, A. Pr. 682; διώκειν γῆν π. γῆς Ar. Ach. 235 .
II of Time, before, πρό οἱ εἴπομεν Od. 1.37; earlier, τά τ’ ἐσσόμενα π. τ’ ἐόντα Hes. Th. 32, 38 .
III when joined with other Preps., ἀποπρό, διαπρό, ἐπιπρό, περιπρό, προπρό, it strengthens the first Prep., or adds to it the notion of forward, forth. πρό IN COMPO S. I with Substs., to denote 1 position before or in front, πρόδομος, προάστιον, πρόθυρον, προπύλαια, etc.
2. priority of rank, πρόεδρος, προεδρία, etc.: also priority of order, προάγων, πρόλογος, προοίμιον, προπάτωρ, etc.
3. standing in another’s place, πρόμαντις, πρόξενος.
II with Adjs., to denote
1 proximity, πρόχειρος; and readiness, πρόθυμος, πρόφρων.
2. away (cf. 111.3 infr.), προθέλυμνος, πρόρριζος.
3. prematureness, πρόμοιρος, πρόωρος.
4. intensity, πρόπας, πρόπαρ, προπάροιθε; so also πρόκακος, πρόπαλαι.
III with Verbs,
1 of Place, before, forwards, προβαίνω, προβάλλω, προτίθημι, etc.: also, before, in defence, προκινδυνεύω, προμάχομαι, etc.
2. forth, προέλκω, προφέρω. publicly, προγράφω, προειπεῖν, πρόκειμαι.
3. away, προδίδωμι, προϊάλλω, προϊάπτω, προΐημι, προλείπω, προρέω, προτέμνω, προτρέπομαι, προφεύγω, προχέω.
4. in preference, προαιροῦμαι, προτιμάω, etc.
5. before, beforehand, προαισθάνομαι, προγίγνομαι, προκαταλαμβάνω, etc.; of fore sight, προνοέω, προοράω. Etymology: cf. Lat. προ -, Slav. pro-, Skt. pra-, etc., in compounds.
G4253 — πρό
a preposition followed by the genitive (Latinpro) (from Homer down), the Sept. chiefly for לִפְנֵי, before; used a. of place: πρό τῶν θυρῶν, τῆς θύρας, etc., [Act 5:23] R G; [Act 12:6],14; 14:13>; [Jam 5:9]; by a Hebraism, πρό προσώπου with the genitive of a person before (the face of) one (who is following) (Buttmann, 319 (274)): [Mat 11:10]; [Mar 1:2]; [Luk 1:76]; [Luk 7:27]; [Luk 9:52]; [Luk 10:1] ([Mal 3:1]; [Zec 14:20]; [Deu 3:18]).
b. of Time: πρό τούτων τῶν ἡμερῶν, [Act 5:36]; [Act 21:38]; (πρό τοῦ πάσχα, [Joh 11:55]); according to a later Greek idiom, πρό ἕξ ἡμερῶν τοῦ πάσχα, properly, before six days reckoning from the Passover, which is equivalent to ἕξ ἡμέρας πρό τοῦ πάσχα, on the sixth day before the Passover, [Joh 12:1] (πρό δύο ἐτῶν τοῦ σεισμοῦ, [Amo 1:1]; πρό μιᾶς ἡμέρας τῆς Μαρδοχαϊκῆς ἡμέρας, 2 Macc. 15:36; examples from secular writings are cited by Winers Grammar, 557 (518); (cf. Buttmann, § 131, 11); from ecclesiastical writings by Hilgenfeld, Die Evangelien etc., pp. 298, 302; also his Paschastreit der alten Kirche, p. 221f; (cf. Sophocles' Lexicon, under the word πρό, 1 and 2)); (πρό τῆς ἑορτῆς, [Joh 13:1]); πρό καιροῦ, [Mat 8:29]; [1Co 4:5]; τῶν αἰώνων, [1Co 2:7]; παντός τοῦ αἰῶνος, Jude 1:25 L T Tr WH; ἐτῶν δεκατεσσάρων, (fourteen years ago), [2Co 12:2]; add, [2Ti 1:9]; [2Ti 4:21]; [Tit 1:2]; τοῦ ἀρίστου, [Luk 11:38]; κατακλυσμοῦ, [Mat 24:38]; πρό τῆς μεταθέσεως, [Heb 11:5]; πρό καταβολῆς κόσμου, [Joh 17:24]; [Eph 1:4]; [1Pe 1:20]; πρό πάντων, prior to all created things, [Col 1:17]; (πρό τούτων πάντων (Rev. ἁπάντων), [Luk 21:12]); by a Hebraism, πρό προσώπου with the genitive of a thing is used of time for the simple πρό (Winers Grammar, § 65, 4b.; (Buttmann, 319 (274))), [Act 13:24] ((literally, before the face of his entering in)). πρό with the genitive of a person: [Joh 5:7]; [Joh 10:8] (not Tdf.); [Rom 16:7]; οἱ πρό τίνος, those that existed before one, [Mat 5:12]; with a predicate nominative added, [Gal 1:17]. πρό with the genitive of an infinitive that has the article, Latinante quam (before, before that) followed by a finite verb (Buttmann, § 140, 11; Winer's Grammar, 329 (309)): [Mat 6:8]; [Luk 2:21]; [Luk 22:15]; [Joh 1:48] (49); [Joh 13:19]; ; [Act 23:15]; [Gal 2:12]; [Gal 3:23].
c. of superiority or pre-eminence (Winer's Grammar, 372 (349)): πρό πάντων, above all things, [Jam 5:12]; [1Pe 4:8].
d. In Composition, πρό marks α. place: προαύλιον; motion forward (Latinporro), προβαίνω, προβάλλω, etc.; before another who follows, in advance, προάγω, πρόδρομος, προπέρμπω, προτρέχω, etc.; in public view, openly, πρόδηλος, πρόκειμαι. β. time: before this, previously, προαμαρτάνω; in reference to the time of an occurrence, beforehand, in advance, προβλέπω, προγινώσκω, προθέσμιος, πρωρίζω, etc. γ. superiority or preference: προαιρέομαι. (Cf. Herm. ad Vig., p. 658.)
πρό ,
prep . c . gen .,
[in LXX chiefly for H6440;]
before;
(a) of place: [Act 12:6]; [Act 12:14]; [Act 14:13], [Jas 5:9]; Papyri προσώπου ( = Heb . H6440, [Deu 3:18], [Ma 3:1], al. ; Bl., § 40, 9), [Mat 11:10], [Mar 1:2], [Luk 1:76]; [Luk 7:27]; [Luk 9:52]; [Luk 10:1], [Act 14:13];
(b) of time: [Mat 8:29]; [Mat 24:38], [Luk 11:38]; [Luk 21:12], [Joh 11:55]; [Joh 13:1]; [Joh 17:24], [Act 5:36]; [Act 21:38], 1Co 2:7 ; [1Co 4:5], [Eph 1:4], Col 1:17 , [2Ti 1:9]; [2Ti 4:21], [Tit 1:2], [Heb 11:5], [1Pe 1:20], [Jud 1:25]; Papyri ἐτῶν δεκατεσσάρων , fourteen years ago, [2Co 12:2]; Papyri προσώπου ( v. supr .), [Act 13:24]; c . gen . pers ., [Mat 5:12], [Joh 5:7]; [Joh 10:8], [Rom 16:7], [Gal 1:17]; c . gen . art. inf . ( = πρίν ; M , Pr., 100; Bl., § 69, 7), [Mat 6:8] [Luk 2:21]; [Luk 22:15], [Joh 1:49]; [Joh 13:19]; [Joh 17:5], [Act 23:15], [Gal 2:12]; [Gal 3:23]; as in late writers (resembling a Latin idiom but indepen-dent of it; B1., § 40, 5; M , Pr., 100 f .; of. Am 2Ma 15:36 , and for other exx ., Soph., Lex. , s.v. ), πρὸ ἓξ ἡμέρας τ o ῦ πάσχα , on the sixth day before the Passover, [Joh 12:1];
(c) of preference: Papyri πάντων , Jas 5:12 , [1Pe 4:8];
(d) in compos.,
( α ) c . subst ., of position before: προαύλιον , πρόδρομ o ς ; priority of rank or order, προπάτωρ ; anticipation, πρόγνωσις , πρόνοια ;
( β ) c . adj. , intensity, πρόδηλος ;
( γ ) c . verb., of place, πρ o άγω , προβαίνω ; of preference, τροαιρέ o μαι . †