H5920. al
עָ֑ל עַל, (compare Köii. 261 f.)
I. substantive height (poetry) [Hosea 7:16] עָֹל לֹא יָשׁוּבוּ they return (but) not upwards (i.e. not God-wards), [11:7] יִקְרָאֻהוּ וְאֶלעַֿל they (the prophets) call it (the people) upwards, (but) none striveth to rise; as adverb accusative, [2Sam 23:1] the man עָ֔ל הֻ֣קַּם (that) is raised up on high. With מֵעָ֑ל מִן,, מֵעָ֑ל (ה)שׁמים (the) heavens above [Gen 27:39]; [49:25]; [Psa 50:4] (opposed to מִתַּחַת [Exod 20:4]. In prose מִמַּעַל).
II. As preposition upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against (SI4.6; Moabite, Aramaic id.; Phoenician על, and עלת; Palmyrene, Nabataean על; Sabean עלי, Arabic ); — abbreviated from עֲלֵי (compare עֲדֵי אֱלֵי,), which is preserved in poetry, [Gen 49:17] (twice in verse); [49:22] (twice in verse); [Num 24:6] (twice in verse); [Deut 32:2] (twice in verse); [Isa 18:4]; [Jer 8:18]; [Micah 5:6]; [Lam 4:5]; [1Kin 20:41] Qr, [Job 7:1] Qr + 10 t. Psalms, 3t. Proverbs, 15 t. Job; with suffix עָלַי; עָלַיִךְ עָלֶיךָ, ( [Psa 116:7] the Aramaizing form עָלָ֑יְכִי); עָלָיו, Psalm [1Sam 2:10] עָלֶיהָ עָלָו,; 1 plural עָלֵינוּ; 2 masculine plural עֲלֵיכֶם, [Exod 12:13] עֲלֵכֶם, 2 feminine plural עֲלֵיכֶן [Ezek 23:49]; [3]masculine plural עֲלֵיהֶם, 13 t. in Pentateuch עֲלֵהֶם [Gen 45:15], etc. (Köii. 305), in poetry עָלֵ֫ימוֺ [Deut 22:23] [11]t. Psalms, Job (perhaps sometimes, Ges§ 103i, N.); 3 feminine plural עֲלֵיהֶן, [Lev 3:4], [10], [15] עֲלֵהֶן (on the apparently plur. form of עָלַי עֲלֵי, etc., see Köii. 309 ff., and compare below עַד).
1 Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed; as עלהֿארץ upon the earth [Gen 1:11], [26]; [7:6], etc., [Psa 110:6] רבה ארץ על over a wide country; האדמה על upon the ground [Ezek 20:12] + often, [Amos 7:12] טְמֵאָה אֲדָמָה עַל, [Isa 14:2] י אדמת ׳על, [Psa 137:4] נֵכָר אַדְמַת עַל (אֲרָמָה being properly ground, soil, is construed regularly with באדמה על, being very rare), more definitely האדמה פני על [Gen 6:1]; [Num 12:3] + often; מקום על [Lev 14:28]; [Jer 45:5] (uncommon: usually בְּ); [Deut 17:20]; [Isa 9:6] מַמְלַכְתּוֺ על upon his realm, [2Chr 1:1]; בָּֽתִּים על very strangely [Hosea 11:11] (read וַהֲשִׁבֹתִים with ᵐ5 : see 7 c α β); constantly after such verbs as רכב ישׁב, נוח,, etc., [Gen 8:4]; [Exod 11:5]; על כתב to write (idiomatic) on a book or other surface, [Josh 10:13], etc.; על יצא go forth over [Gen 41:45]; [Zech 5:3]; [Psa 81:6]; with בָּטַח נִסְמַךְ, נִשְׁעַן, (figurative), to lean or trust upon: [Gen 3:14] to go גְּחֹנְךָ עַל upon thy belly, [32:32] to limp יְרֵכוֺ עַל upon his thigh, [1Sam 14:13]; [Ezek 37:10]; [Judg 15:8] to smite יָרֵךְ עַל שׁוֺק leg upon thigh, i.e. so that the scattered limbs fall one upon another, [Amos 3:15]. And with reference not a horizontal surface but to a side, [Lev 1:5] + עַל זָרַק to pour against the altar, [1Kin 6:5], [18] to build against the temple, [Josh 10:27], etc. Figurative [Exod 23:13] let it not be heard מִּיךָ עַל upon thy mouth (in our idiom, upon thy lips, as [Prov 22:18]), [Psa 15:3] לְשֹׁנוֺ עַל רָגַל לֹא he slandereth not (i.e. prepares not slander) upon his tongue, [2Sam 23:2] לְשׁוֺנִי עַל וּמִלָּתוֺ, [Prov 16:23], [27]; [31:26]; [Eccl 5:1]; compare נָשָׂא שְׂפָתַיִם עַל or מֶּה עַל [Psa 16:4]; [50:16]; [Ezek 36:3]b.
Specially a. — (a) of clothing, etc., which any one wears, [Gen 37:23] the tunic עליו אשׁר which was upon him, [Josh 9:5]; [1Kin 11:30]; [Ruth 3:15] +; [Gen 24:30]; [38:30]; [2Sam 13:18], of a sword [20:8]; [Song 3:8]; so עַל הָיָה [Lev 16:4]; [Deut 22:5]; [Ezek 44:18]; [1Chr 15:27]; [18:7] (|| [2Sam 8:7] אֶל); compare עָלֶיךָ יַעֲלֶה לֹא [Lev 19:19]; [Ezek 44:17], and with הֶעֱלָה, below, 7b.
(b) With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it ('upon' referred to a side) : see עָטָה סָכַךְ, כָּסָה, גָּנַן, [Neh 2:8] עלי הטובה אלהי יד, compare [2:18]; [Ezra 7:6], [9]; [8:18], [22], [31]; [Exod 27:21] the veil that is over (i.e. before) the testimony, [1Sam 25:16] עָלֵינוּ הָיוּ חוֺמָה they were a wall about us; עַל סָגַר to shut in (or down) upon [Exod 14:13]; [Job 12:14]; [Ezek 13:5]; [Job 13:27]; [26:9]; [36:30] he spreadeth his light עָלָיו about him.
b. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him, [Isa 1:14] לָטֹרַח עָלַי הָיוּ they are a cumbrance upon me, [Job 7:20] I am a burden עָלַי upon myself, [2Sam 15:33] (compare with אֶל [19:36]); עֶל כָּבַד to be heavy upon [Exod 5:9] and elsewhere (see כָּבַד); of sin, calamity, etc. [Isa 53:5]; [Ezek 33:10]; [Psa 88:8]; [Job 21:9]; [2Chr 15:5]; [28:13]; [Eccl 6:1]; [8:6] (compare 5a β); [Lev 7:20] עָלָיו וְטֻמְאָתוֺ [22:3]: idiomatically, [Gen 48:7] רָחֵל עָלַי מֵתָה Rachel died upon me (i.e. to my sorrow), [33:13] עָלַי עָלוֺת וְהַבָּקָר are giving suck upon me (i.e. as a. care to me), [Num 11:13] עָלַי יִבְכּוּ they weep upon me (vexing me), [Judg 14:16-17], [19:2] (see Be), [1Sam 21:6] to play the mad man upon me, [Jer 12:11].
c. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him, as עַל שָׂם to lay upon, [Exod 5:8]; [21:22], [30] (שָׁת), [22:4], compare [Gen 47:26]; [2Chr 35:25]; with other verbs, [Job 38:10]; [Deut 24:5]; [26:6]; [2Kin 15:20]; [18:14]; [23:33]; [Neh 10:33] (twice in verse); [Est 1:8]; [9:21], [27], [31]; with צִוָּה enjoin upon [Gen 2:16] + often, כתב prescribe to [2Kin 22:13]; [Psa 40:8], נטשׁ cast upon [1Sam 17:20] ([17:22] יד על), יד על נתן (figurative) [Gen 42:37]; [2Kin 12:12]; [22:5], compare [1Kin 14:27], עזב [Psa 10:14], גלל [37:5], השׁליך [55:23], פקד [Job 34:13] and elsewhere; [Gen 30:28] עָלַי שְׂכָֽרְךָ נָקְבָה fix thy wages upon me (name thy wages to me), [34:12] וּמַתָּן מֹהַר מְאֹד עָלַי הַרְבּוּ multiply upon me, etc., [2Sam 19:39] (pregnantly) whatsoever thou choosest (and layest) upon me; without a verb, [Judg 19:20] עָלָ֑י כָּלמַֿחְסֹערךָ רַק only let all thy wants be upon me, [Ezra 10:4]; [Psa 56:13] נְדָרֶיךָ עָלַי thy vows are upon me (i.e. I owe them: compare [Num 30:7]; [30:9]; [30:15]), [Prov 7:14] עָלָ֑י שְׁלָמִים זִבְחֵי peace-offerings were upon me (= were due from me); perhaps [Psa 62:1]; [77:1] (to the charge of); with an infinitive [2Sam 18:11] לָתֵת וְעָלַי and it would have been incumbent on me to give, etc., [1Kin 4:7]; [Ezra 10:12] (accents [Baer], RVm), [Neh 13:3], compare [Zech 12:2] (Ew RVm); [Num 7:9] (P) the service of ... was upon them, [Ezek 45:17], so especially late [1Chr 9:27], [33]; [23:31]; [2Chr 2:3] ישׂראל על זאת לעולם[8:15]; [24:9]; [Ezra 7:11]; [Neh 11:23]; [Isa 9:5] and the government is upon, his shoulder (compare [22:22]), [2Chr 25:3]; [Psa 7:11] עַלאֿ ׳מָֽגִנִּי my shield rests upon God (he has undertaken my defence), [62:8] וּכְבֹדִי יִשְׁעִי עלאֿלהים.
d. על is used idiomatically to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him: [Psa 42:6] why art thou cast down, O my soul, עָלַי וַתֶּהֱמִי and disquieted upon me? [42:7] my soul upon me is cast down, Psalm 42:12; [43:5]; [Lam 3:20]; [Psa 131:2] נַפְשִׁי עָלַי כַּגָּמוּל אִמּוֺ עֲלֵי כְּגָמֻל is my soul upon me; [142:4] רוּחִי עָלַי בְּהִתְעַטֵף when my spirit faints upon me, [143:4]; [Jonah 2:8]; [Jer 8:18] ׃ דַרוָָּֽי לִבִּי עָלַי my heart upon me is sick, [Job 14:22] (twice in verse) (compare Di), [Hosea 11:8] לבי עלי נהפך my heart is turned (altered) upon me, [1Sam 17:32]; [25:36]; [Neh 5:7] עָלַי לִבִּי וַיִמָּלֵךְ and my heart took counsel upon me: compare [Psa 42:5] I will pour out my soul upon me, [Job 30:16]; [10:1] שׂיחי עלי אעזבה I will let loose my complaint upon me. (Thes apud me, mecum. The rend. 'within me alters entirely the point of view of the Hebrew expression, and is incorrect.) Denoting with some emphasis the subject of an experience, [30:2] כָּ֑לַךְ אבד עלימו, [Dan 2:1] his sleep עָלָיו נִהְיְתָה was done with upon him (compare Aramaic [6:19] עֲלוֺהִי נַדַּת), [10:8] עָלַי נֶהְמַּךְ וְהוֺדִי (compare [5:9]; [7:28]): also, rather differently, [Lev 18:18]b [Jer 49:20] נְוֵהֶם עֲלֵיהֶם יַשִׁים לֹא אִם, [Micah 7:13]; [Psa 90:17]b; [7:9] according to my perfectness upon me, [Ezek 18:20]; [22:3]; [2Chr 36:8].
e. עַל חָיָה to live upon (as upon a foundation or support; compare [Isa 3:1], and Ζῆν ἐπί τινος), [Deut 8:3] עַלהַֿלֶּחֶם, [Isa 38:16] (compare Hi), [Gen 27:40] תחיה חרבך על upon ( = by) thy sword thou shalt live (compare Kazwiniii. 17 ap. Tu), [Ezek 33:19], compare [33:26].
f. Of the ground, or basis, on which a thing is done, as [Gen 24:9] הזה הדבר על, [Lev 17:12] if he offers it תּוֺדָה עַל on the ground of a thanks-giving, [Num 6:21] נִזְרוֺ עַל, vb [Ezek 16:15]; [28:17]; [Dan 8:25] שִׂכְלוֺ עַל, [9:18] צדקותינו עַל, (with this use is extended so as to denote explicitly on condition of). Hence (a) the basis being conceived as regulative, על comes to denote the norm or standard (compare German 'auf die Art' WAG ii. § 59 i): the transition may be seen in a passage like [Exod 24:8] the covenant which ׳י made with you on the basis of (על), or in agreement with, all these words (compare פי על [34:27]), [Num 35:24] המשׁפטים על האלה, [Deut 17:11]; [Jer 30:18] the palace shall sit (i.e. be inhabited: see ישׁב) מִשְׁמָּטוֺ עַל in accordance with its manner, [Psa 94:20] who frames mischief עֲלֵיחֹֿק in accordance with a law, ... פי על according to the mouth (i.e. command, [Gen 45:21] +? [Deut 17:6]; [19:15], sentence [21:5]) of . . .; ֗֗֗֗ שֵׁם עַל according to the name of . . . (mostly with call, be called) [Gen 48:6]; [Exod 28:21]; [2Sam 18:18] +, compare [1Chr 23:14]; [Exod 6:26]; [12:51] צִבְאֹתָם על according to their hosts (usually לְ), [Num 1:18] משׁפחתם על (usually לְ) [1:52]; [2:2], [34]; [7:3] (|| ל), [Deut 18:8] (probably); יְדֵי עַל according to the hands (direction) of [Jer 5:31]; [33:13] al.; [Psa 110:4] מ דִּבְרָתִי ׳עַל after the manner of M.; [Prov 25:11] (probably) a word spoken אָעפנָיו עַל in accordance with its circumstances = appositely; of the tune according to which a song is to be sung (RV. set to) [Psa 6:1] ([1Chr 15:21]), [Psa 8:1]; [9:1]; [12:1]; [45:1]; [46:1] ([1Chr 15:20]) עַלעֲֿלָמוֺת (perhaps, however, in the manner of maidens = for 'sopranos'), [Psa 53:1]; [56:1]; [60:1]; [69:1]; [81:1]; [84:1]; [88:1] (compare in Syriac ).
(b) The basis being conceived as involving the ground, על denotes the cause or reason, on account of, because of, [Gen 20:3] lo thou shalt die הָאִשָּׁה עַל on account of the woman, [21:12]; [26:7], [9]; [27:41]; [42:21]; [Lev 4:3], [28]; [5:18]; [19:17]; [26:18], [24], [28]; [Deut 9:18]; [24:16] fathers shall not be put to death עלבֿנים on account of children, [31:18]; [Josh 9:20]; [Jer 1:16]; [5:9]; [Ezek 18:26] עליהם (|| [33:18] בָּהֶם), [Prov 28:21]; [Psa 39:12]; [50:8] + often; [44:23] הֹרַגְנוּ עָלֶיךָ on thy account are we slain all the day, [69:8]; [Jer 15:15]; in the phrases זֹאת עַל אוֺדוֺת, עַל עַ֗֗֗ל, דְּבַר and זֶה עַל on this account, מָה עַל on what account ? עַלכֵּֿן = therefore (see אוֺדָה דָּבָר,, etc.); before an infinitive, as [Exod 17:7] אֶתיֿ נַסּוֺתָם ׳וְעַל and on, account of their trying ׳י, [Amos 1:3] דּוּשָׁם עַל on account of their threshing = because they threshed, vAmos 1:6; vAmos 1:9; vAmos 1:11; vAmos 1:13, etc., [Jer 2:35] אָמְרֵךְ עַל because of thy saying, [9:12]; [16:18] +; and as a conjunction both with and without אֲשֶׁר or כִּי (see below
III). And so often of the ground or cause of fear, grief, delight, or other emotions, e.g. [Exod 18:9]; [32:14] (נִחַם repent: so often), [1Sam 4:13]; [30:6]; [2Sam 1:26]; [3:8]; [1Kin 21:4]; [2Kin 6:11]; [Jer 10:19]; [Amos 6:6].
(c) Somewhat more strongly, on behalf of, for the sake of, [Gen 19:17] escape נפשׁך על forthy life; [Judg 9:17]; [2Kin 10:3] עַל נִלְחֵם (usually ל); [1Kin 2:18] I will speak on thy behalf to the king, [2:19] ([2Kin 4:13] לְ); [Est 4:16], [8]; [7:7]; [8:11]; [9:16]; [Dan 12:1] עמד על stand up (in late Hebrew) on behalf of; על התפלל intercede for (usually בעד) [Job 42:8]; [Neh 1:6]; [2Chr 30:18]; [29:21]; [Ezra 8:35]; and very often with כִּמֶּר (q. v.) make atonement for. (Not very common with other verbs.)
(d) Sometimes it acquires almost a final force, for; [Exod 12:4]; [29:36]; [30:16]; [Deut 27:13] there shall stand עַלהַֿקְּלָלָה (|| [27:12] לְבָרֵךְ), [Psa 89:4] כָלעֿבּנֵיאָֿדָם בָּרָאתָ עַלמַֿהשָּֿׁוְא unto what vanity hast thou created, etc.! [Prov 29:5]b [2Chr 23:18]; [Eccl 3:17].
(e) Of a condition, or attendant circumstances (rare; so , WAG ii § 59 e): [Psa 50:5] עֲלֵי זָ֑בַח׃ upon, with sacrifice, [92:4] וגו עָשׂוֺר ׳עֲלי with a ten-stringed instrument, with a harp, with sounding music on a lyre; רִיב עַל upon occasion of a law-suit [Exod 23:2]; [Ezek 44:24], טוֺב יוֺם עַל [1Sam 25:8] (compare at a time of. . . Qor 28:14), [Neh 12:22] (? read עַד BeRy), [Isa 18:4] אוֺר עֲלֵי צַח כְּחֹם at time of sunshine, [64:11] אֵלֶּה עַל, [Jer 8:18]; יָגוֺן עֲלֵי at time of sorrow, [16:7] (but Gie אָבֵל עַל to): with abstract substantives to form a periphrase for adverbs, Leviticus 5:22 and swear שֶׁקֶר עַל upon falseness = falsely, [6:14] = [8:11] to heal a wound נְקַלָּה עַל lightly, easily, [Psa 31:24] יֶתֶר עַל = abundantly, [Isa 60:7] רָצוֺן עַל = acceptably (compare = with delight).
(f) It hence acquires the force of in spite of, notwithstanding (so , WAG ii. § 59 h), [Job 10:7] דַּעְתְּךָ עַל in spite of thy knowing, [34:6] על משׁפטי notwithstanding my right I am to be a liar (Di De Da RV: otherwise Hi RVm). compare below,
III c b.
(g) Upon, concerning, with verbs of speaking, as דִּבֶּר [Judg 9:3]; [1Kin 5:13], אָמַר, [Jer 16:3]; [27:19] (|| אל) [33:4], hearing [Gen 41:15] עָלֶיךָ שָׁמַעְתִּי I have heard concerning thee, saying, etc., [1Kin 10:6]; [Isa 37:9] (|| [2Kin 19:9] אל), disputing [Gen 26:11], telling [1Sam 27:11]; [Joel 1:3], commanding [2Sam 14:8]; [1Kin 11:10], being vexed [21:4]; [2Kin 6:11], crying [8:5], confessing [Psa 32:5]; [Neh 1:6]; of the object of a prophecy or vision [1Kin 22:8]; [Isa 1:1]; [2:1]; and often with similar verbs.
(h) In a somewhat weaker sense, in the matter of, as regards, [Gen 41:32] הַחֲלוֺם הִשָּׁנוֺת וְעַל, [Exod 22:8]; [Ruth 4:7]; Leviticus 5:22; Leviticus 5:26; [Dan 9:14]b [Neh 9:33]; עַל חָטָא [Lev 4:14] (|| בָּהּ [4:23], cognate accusative [4:28]), [5:5]; [Num 6:11]; [Neh 13:26]; ֗֗֗ עַלדְּֿבַר in the matter of, [Num 25:18]; [31:16].
2 It expresses excess (synonym מִן q. v.); [Gen 48:22] I give thee אַחֶיךָ עַל אַחַר שְׁכֶם one shoulder (ridge) above thy brethren, [Exod 16:5] על מִשְׁנֶה double above or beyond, [Num 3:46]; [Deut 25:3] stripes עַלאֵֿלֶּה beyond these, [Josh 3:15] Jordan עַל מָלֵא was full over all its banks (compare [4:18]; [Isa 8:7]b עלה על, הלך) [Psa 138:2]; [Eccl 1:16]; [Dan 1:20] עַל יָדוֺת עֶשֶׂר ten times above (compare in Aramaic [3:19], and Qor 37:153), [Ezra 1:6] עַל לְבַר = beside (see בַּד); [Psa 16:2] (si vera lectio) עָלֶיךָ בַל טוֺבָתִי my welfare is not beyond thee, i.e. does not lie outside thee. — Of time, [Lev 15:25] if she has an issue נִדָּתָהּ עַל beyond her time of impurity (compare [Isa 32:10], 4b).
3 It denotes elevation or pre-eminence, as על עליון high (figurative) above, [Deut 26:19] al., [28:43] עליך יעלה will go up above thee, compare [Prov 31:29]; [Psa 57:6]; Psalm 57:12 be thou exalted above the heavens, [89:8]; [95:3]; [96:4], etc., [Neh 9:5]; with words (q. v.) such as נשׂא חזק, גדל, גכר, (Ni. Pi`el Hithpa`el), עזז, and especially those denoting rule or superintendence, as הפקיד מלך,; so with נתן היה, שָׁת,, [Gen 41:33], [40], [43] שׂם; [1Sam 18:5]; with מֶלֶךְ שַׂר, מָּקִיד,, etc., [Gen 41:34]; [Exod 1:11]; [18:21], etc.; absolute [2Sam 8:16] Joab was עלהֿצבא over the host, [20:23] b. [20:24] [1Kin 4:4-6]; 1 Kings 5:30; [Num 10:14]ff.; [1Chr 9:23], [26]ff. [27:25]ff.; [2Chr 30:17]; [31:12]; בֵּיתוֺ עַל אֲשֶׁר of Joseph's steward [Gen 43:16], [19]; [44:1], [4]; and in the official titles עַלהַֿבַּיִת אֲשֶׁר = the Governor of the Palace [Isa 22:15] and elsewhere (see כַּיִת 6); עַלהַֿמַּם אֲשֶׁר the overseer of the forced labour [1Kin 12:18]; עלהֿעיר אשׁר the governor of the city [2Kin 10:5], המלתחה על אשׁר [10:22].
4 It expresses addition (compare ἐπὶ in Greek, e.g.ἐπὶ τούτοις); namely
a. introducing the complement of a verb, as with יָסַף to add upon or to, [Psa 61:7] + often (see יָסַף), שָׁת to put to [Gen 30:40], נִלְוָה to be joined to [Num 18:24]; [Isa 14:1] (also with אֶל), נָפַל: to fall to, i.e. desert to, [Jer 21:9] +, עכר to pass over to [Exod 30:13-14], [Isa 45:14] (compare [60:5]); also [Hab 2:16] עַל כּוֺם תִּסֹּב [Lam 4:21]; [Est 4:7]; נֶחְשַׁב to be reckoned to [Lev 25:31]; [2Sam 4:2], על היה [Num 36:12]; [Psa 69:28] עֲוֺנָם עַל עָוֺן תְּנָה, [Isa 56:8] עָלָיו אֲקַבֵּץ עוֺר I will yet gather (others) unto him.
b. Used absolutely, as [Gen 28:9] he took Mahalath נָשָׁיו עַל in addition to his (other) wives, [31:50] (compare אל [Lev 18:18]), [Num 31:8] חַלְלֵיהֶם עַל in addition to their slain (|| [Josh 13:22] אֶל), [Deut 23:14]; [Ezek 16:37], [43]; [25:10]; [Isa 32:10] שָׁנָה עַל יָמִים days upon, in addition to, a year, [2Chr 31:15] יָמִים עַל יָמִים, [Ezek 7:26] תָבוֺא הֹוָה עַל הֹוָה (|| אל), [Jer 4:20] (if נִקְרָא = be proclaimed), [Job 16:14] עַלמְּֿנֵיפָֿ֑רֶץ פֶרֶץ יִפְרְצֵנִי (compare LagM iii. 112; also Iliad 14:130 ἕλκος ἐφ’ ἕλκει, Odyssey 7:120f; Qoran 31:13). So often in laws of P (compare
c), [Lev 7:12] he shall offer הַתּוֺרָה עַלזֶֿבַת in addition to the sacrifice of thanksgiving, etc., [7:13] b [Num 6:20]; [15:9]; [28:10], [15], [24] (compare מִלְּבַר [28:31]; [29:6]), [35:6]; [Ezek 16:43] (Hi Sm RV: compare [44:7] אל).
c. Hence by an easy transition it denotes together with, with, [Exod 35:22] men together with (עַל) women, [Job 38:32] תַנְחֵם עַלבָּֿנֶיהָ וְעַיִשׁ and the Bear with her children, wilt thou lead them? [1Kin 15:20]; [Jer 3:18] the house of Israel with the house of Judah, [Micah 5:2] (Ca Ke Kue; but al. as
7c a), [Gen 32:12] lest he come and smite me, בָּנִים עַל אֵם the mother with the children (compare [Hosea 10:14]; [Deut 22:6]); and as a techn. term in the regulations for sacrifice, especially with אכל, [Exod 12:8], עַלמְֿדֹרִים יאֹכְלֻהוּ together with bitter herbs they shall eat it, [12:9] his head with (על) his legs, etc., [Num 9:11]; [Deut 16:3] חָמֵץ עָלָיו לֹאתֿאֹכַל (compare [Exod 23:18]; [34:25]), [34:3]; in the phrase הדם על אכל to eat with the blood [1Sam 14:32-33], ([14:34] אל), [Lev 19:26]; [Ezek 33:25] (compare in Greek e.g. ἐπὶ τῷ σίτῳ πίνειν ὕδωρ); see also [Lev 2:2], [16]; [3:4] (so [3:10]; [3:15]; [4:9]; [7:4]), [4:11]; [7:13]a, [7:30]; [10:15]; [14:31]; [23:18]; [23:20]; [Num 6:17]; [19:5]; [1Chr 7:4].
5 It expresses the idea of being suspended, or extended, over anything, without however being in contact with it, above, over: [Gen 1:20] let fowl fly over the earth, [19:23] על יצא השׁמשׁ had come forth upon the earth (compare על זרח [Exod 22:2] +; על בא go down [set] upon [Deut 24:15]; [Micah 3:6]; [Job 25:3]), [Num 10:34]; [14:14] and thy cloud stood עליהם over them, [Deut 28:23] the heavens עלרֿאשׁך above overthy head, [Isa 4:5]; [60:1-2], [Zeph 2:11]; [Zech 9:14]; [Psa 7:8] over it return thou on high, [Job 29:3] ראֹשִׁי עֲלֵי נֵרוֺ בְּהִלּוֺ (compare לְ דעך be extinguished over, [18:6]), [Song 2:4] his banner over me: figurative of protection [Deut 32:38]; [Psa 68:35]: with verbs of motion (expressed or implied), על נשׁקף to incline over [1Sam 13:18] +, נטה על ידו) [Exod 14:16]; [Isa 23:11] + (compare [Psa 21:12]), על הניף to swing over [Isa 11:15]; [19:16]; על השׁמיע to proclaim over [Jer 4:16]; [Amos 3:9], compare [Num 10:10]; [2Chr 13:12], נקרא על שׁם a name to be called over [2Sam 12:28] + (see קרא).
6 From the sense of inclining or impending over, על comes to denote contiguity or proximity, English by (or sometimes on): —
a. in designating localities, especially those beside water, [Gen 14:16] עַלהַֿמִּדְבָּר by the wilderness, Genesis 16:17 הַמַּיִם עֵין עַל by the spring of water, [24:13], [30]; [29:2] three flocks lying עָלֶיהָ by it (the well), [41:1]; [Num 3:26]; [13:29] עלהֿים by the sea, [22:5]; [24:6] gardens נָהָר עֲלֵי. [Deut 3:12]; [33:8]; [Judg 5:19]; [1Sam 1:9] י היכל מזוזת ׳על ([Ezek 46:2]), [1Sam 4:1]; [2Kin 2:7] and they stood עלהֿירדן by the Jordan, [25:4]; [Isa 19:7]; [38:20]; [Psa 1:3] planted by water-courses, [Jer 17:2], [8]; [Job 30:4]; [31:9] פתח על by the entrance, [Prov 14:19], + often; הדרך על by the way [Gen 38:21]; [1Sam 24:4]; [Ezek 48:24]ff. גבולו על adjoining his border; על עבר to pass by a place [1Kin 9:18]; [Jer 18:16] +, figurative פשׁע על עבר to pass by transgression, i.e. to overlook it, [Micah 7:18] and elsewhere: ֗֗֗ יְמִין על on the right of ... [Psa 110:5] +, ֗֗֗ כֶּתֶף עַל , ֗֗֗ יֶרֶךְ עַל , ֗֗֗ עַליַד on the side of ... (see these words): less frequently (except as
c) with reference to persons, [Num 2:5] עָלָיו וְהַחֹנִים and those encamping next him, [2:12]; [2:20]; [2:27]; [6:9] עליו מת ימות וכי, [2Kin 11:11] by the king round about (compare [Num 3:26] above), פ על ׳עבר [Gen 18:5]; [2Kin 4:9] +.
b. [2Sam 9:7], [10] to eat bread מּ שֻׁלְחַן ׳עַל at any one's table, [Exod 16:3] when we sat הַבָּשָׂר עַלסִֿיר, [1Sam 20:24] Kt to sit עַלהַֿלֶּחֶם at meat; [25:13]; [30:24] to remain עַלהַֿכֵּלִים; [Prov 23:30] to tarry long עלהֿיין at (or over) the wine, [Job 39:9] ׃ עַלאֲֿבוֶּסךָ at thy crib: compare הַמִּשְׁמָּט עַל הַיּוֺשֵׁב [Isa 28:6].
c. Idiomatically, with עָמַד and נִצַּב to stand by (literally over, — originally no doubt with reference to one supposed to be seated), [Gen 18:2] three men עָלָיו נִצָּבִים standing by him, [18:8] and he עליו עֹמֵד standing by him under the tree, [24:30] by the camels, [28:13]; [1Sam 4:20]; [2Sam 1:9]; [12:17]; [20:11-12], [Amos 7:7]; especially of persons standing about a superior, as servants or courtiers, [Gen 45:1]; [Judg 3:19]; [1Sam 22:6-7], [17], of persons surrounding a judge [Exod 18:13-14], of ׳יs heavenly ministers, [1Kin 22:19] (compare [Isa 6:2] לו ממעל), Zechariah 4:16, and with התיצב [Zech 6:5]; [Job 1:6]; [2:1]; also of one standing by (properly leaning over) an altar or sacrifice [Num 23:3], [6]; [1Kin 13:1] (compare
7b) [Amos 9:1]; of an Ashérah by an altar [Judg 6:25], [28] (compare אֵצֶל [Deut 16:21]).
7 In connection with verbs of motion (actual or figurative): —
a. of motion from a higher place downwards, down upon: thus (a) על המטיר to rain upon [Gen 2:5]; [19:24], על ירד [15:11], על יצק to pour upon [28:18], פ צוארי על ׳נפל [33:4], פניו על נפל to fall on his (own) face [17:3], [17], על שׂם to put upon, [21:14]; [22:6], [9]; [24:47] ([24:22] Sam Di), כף על נתן to place on the hand of ... [40:11], [21], על השׁליך [2Sam 20:12], etc.; compare [Job 29:22] מִלָּתִי תִּטֹּף וְעָלֵימוֺ, [Micah 3:5]; [Nahum 3:12].
(b) In different figurative connections, as of sleep falling upon one, [Gen 2:21]; [15:12]; of fear [9:2]; [1Sam 11:7] (see אֵימָה חֲרָרָה, מַּחַד,); of good or bad fortune, especially the latter, coming upon one, as with בוא and הביא, [Gen 27:12]; [Deut 28:2] (in good sense), [28:15], [Jer 5:12]; [19:3] (רעה, as often); of retribution, reproach, the Divine wrath, etc., with different verbs (היה חול, ירד, נתן, הביא,, etc.), as [Gen 20:9]; [Num 12:11] חטאה; [Gen 42:36] כֻלָּנָה הָיוּ עַלַי upon me are they all; [Num 18:5] + (על קֶצֶף היה); [Deut 19:10] דם (compare אל [2Sam 21:2] ᵐ5 We Dr), [Judg 9:24]; [1Kin 2:32]; [2Sam 16:8]; Hosea 12:15; [3:29]; [15:14]; [1Sam 11:2] חרפה; [Jer 14:16]; [26:15] נקי דם (|| אל), [Jonah 1:14]; [Ezek 7:3-4], [8]; [23:40]; [36:29]; [Psa 7:17]; [94:2]; [94:23]; [109:5] טובה תחת רעה עלי וישׂימו (lay upon me: but Hu וישיבו, [Prov 17:13]), Prov 140:11; על חֵמָה שָׁפַךְ [Ezek 7:8] + often; without a verb, [Gen 16:5] עָלֶיךָ חֲמָסִי my wrong be upon thee, [Jer 51:35] (|| אל); [Gen 27:13] קללתך עלי; [38:29] (accents, RVm); [2Sam 1:16] ראשׁך על דמיך; [14:9] הֶעָוֺן עָלַי; [Isa 24:17]; [Jer 48:43]; [50:27]; [Ezek 13:3] ֗֗֗ על הוֺי; [Psa 55:16] Kt.; of a blessing, [Exod 32:29]; Psalm 3:9, a curse [Deut 30:7], mercies (probably conceived specifically as descending from heaven) [Psa 33:22]; [86:13]; [90:17]; [103:17] (with גבר be mighty over or upon, [33:11]; [117:2]), [116:12]; [145:9]; [Ezra 3:11], שׁלום Psalm 125:6; [Psa 128:6]; [1Chr 22:9].
(c) Introducing the object upon which an action, or emotion, especially if accompanied by a gesture, is conceived as being directed (but with some of these words, especially when they refer to an event, rather than a person, as [Exod 18:9], על is to be explained from
1f b). Thus with verbs denoting the manifestation of joy or grief, as שׂושׂ to rejoice over, בכה שׁמם, ספד, אבל, שׂחק, התפאר, התענג, שׂמח, גיל, [Judg 11:37] +, נשׂא (משׁל) קינה to take up a lament, or proverb, over (see these words); probably also in על הִנָּבֵא prophecy over [Ezek 11:4]; [13:17] +; with רִחַם חָמַל, חוּס, to shew compassion on (compare [1Kin 3:26]; [[Gen 43:30] אל], [Song 5:4]; [[Jer 31:20] ל]); with הֵעִיר שׁקד, שׁמר, ([Job 8:6]) to guard or watch over; with יעץ to counsel upon [Isa 14:26] +, חשׁב to devise (usually in bad sense, [Jer 29:11] in good), דִּבֶּר (רעה [11:17] +, טובה [18:20]; [32:42]), דָּבָר הֵקִים [29:10]. Of more distinctly phys. acts, with בכה to weep on [Gen 45:14-15], +, שׁרק to hiss, ספק or כף תקע to clap the hand, כף הִכָּה [Ezek 22:13] (|| אל); [Isa 5:30] to growl over, [31:4]; [Ezek 36:2]; [Job 30:5]; הִתְוַדָּה to confess over (the goat), [Lev 16:21]; [Exod 30:10]a (probably); [Deut 21:6]; [Job 6:27]; Job 40:30.
b. From a lower place upwards, up upon, up to, as על עלה to go up upon: [Exod 20:26]; [1Sam 2:28]; [1Kin 12:33]b [2Kin 16:12]b [2Chr 1:6] (an altar, i.e. to a ledge beside it; compare [2Kin 23:9], and ירד [Lev 9:22]; [1Kin 1:53]); [Judg 9:51]; [Isa 14:14]; [40:9], etc.; to come up upon (in different connections) [Exod 10:12]; [Lev 16:9] (figurative), [19:19]; [1Sam 1:11]; [6:7]; [1Kin 10:16-17], figurative לב על עלה [Isa 65:17] + (see לבב לב,, 3d); in Hiph`il [1Kin 20:33] הַמֶּרְכָּבָה עַל וַיַּעֲלֵהוּ, [Amos 8:10] (compare
1a a), [2Sam 1:24]; [Ezek 37:6]; [Psa 137:6] (figurative), [2Chr 3:5], [14] (= ornamented with); [Deut 28:61] (compare [Exod 15:26] b); [2Chr 20:34] the history of Jehu which עַל הֹעֲלָח was brought up upon (i.e. inserted in) the book of, etc. (compare [32:32]; and על כתב above
1); compare עלהֿשׁמים יד נטה up to heaven [Exod 9:22]; [10:21]; [17:16].
c. Expressing direction towards (not common, except in sense against: see below) — (a) with verbs of motion, properly of a person (or thing) moving to another so as either to stand above, or rest upon, it (compare PuseyMin. Pr. 333), [Exod 34:12] עליה בא אתה אשׁר הארץ (simile, of a land, or place, [18:23]; [Num 11:12]; [1Kin 2:26] עַלשָֿׂדֶיךָ לֵךָ עֲנָתֹת, [Ezek 32:9]; [Jer 3:18]; b [16:13]; [22:26], and after שׁוּב or הֵשִׁיב [16:15]; [22:27]; [23:3]; [24:6] [but אֶל [27:22]; [30:3] al.], [Ezek 29:14]; [Gen 40:13] עלכַּֿנָּ֑ךָ וֶהֱשִׁיבְךָ, [41:13]; [30:33] שְׂכָרִי עַל תָבאֹ כִּי to view my hire; מֵת נפשׁ על בא to enter in upon or beside a corpse; אשׁה על בא [19:31]; [Deut 25:5] (usually אל); [Josh 3:16] יָם עַל יֹרְדִים מַיִם, [Ezek 47:8]; [1Kin 18:12] לֹאאֵֿדָ֑ע עַלאֲֿשֶׁר יִשָּֽׂאֲךָ, [Psa 19:7]; [2Kin 16:12]; [2Chr 20:24]; [Isa 53:1] upon whom (coming from above) was ׳יs arm revealed? [62:10] על נֵס הרימו העמים over towards (but [49:22] אל): but often it is dubious if this force is perceptible; and in General על in such cases seems to be used merely as a synonym — perhaps as a slightly more graphic synonym — of אֶל (compare p. 41); in the later language, also, it may be due partly to the influence of Aramaic, which does not use אֶל; thus (a) with a personal object, with assemble or be assembled, [Exod 32:1]; [2Sam 17:11]; [1Kin 8:5]; [11:24]; [2Kin 22:20] ([2Chr 34:28] and usually אל), [13:7], עלה [Gen 38:12]; [Josh 2:8]; [1Sam 14:10] ([14:9]; [14:12] אל), עבר [14:4] ([14:1] אל), בא [2Sam 15:4] (see Dr) [1Chr 12:23]f., יצא [2Kin 24:12], הוליך [25:20], נגע [Judg 20:34], [41] (compare [Isa 6:7]; [Jer 1:9]), נס [Isa 10:3], הלך [22:15] (על ֗֗֗ אל), נשׂא [30:6], שׁלח [2Kin 18:27] (על ֗֗֗ אל ֗֗֗ על: || [Isa 36:12] על ֗֗֗ אל ֗֗֗ אל), [Jer 26:15]; [29:31]; [1Chr 13:2]; [2Chr 28:16]; [30:1]; [32:9], [31]; [36:15]; [Neh 6:3], נגשׁ [Ezek 9:6], השׁיב שׁב, [Neh 4:6]; Malachi 3:24 (see c), followed by י ׳על[2Chr 15:4]; [30:9], התיצּב[11:13]; letters going פ ׳על [Neh 2:7]; [6:17] a (v:b אל). (β) of places, [Gen 24:49]; [2Sam 2:19] + ימין על to the right; with הלך [1Sam 2:11]; [1Kin 20:43] עלבֿיתו ([21:4] אל), [2Sam 15:20] הולך אני אשׁר על הולך ואני, [Jer 1:7]; [Ezek 1:20] ([1:12] אל), הוליך [1Kin 1:38] ([1:33] אל), נהר [Micah 4:1] (|| [Isa 2:2] אל), [Jer 31:12] (על ֗֗֗ אל), נגשׁ [Ezek 44:13] (|| אל), עלה 1 Samuel 24:23; [2Sam 19:1]; [1Kin 6:8] (|| אל), [Ezek 41:7], בא [Jer 14:3]; [51:51], (הר על) הביא [Isa 66:20] ([56:7] אל), ירד [Jer 36:12], הִטָּה [Prov 21:1], הסיר [2Sam 6:10] (|| [1Chr 13:13] אל), נתן [Isa 29:12] ([29:11] אל) [Micah 1:14]; [3:5]; [Gen 42:37], שׁב השׁיב,, [Num 33:7]; [Jer 11:10] (figurative, עֲוֺנוֺת עַל), [Psa 35:13]; [Job 34:15] ([Gen 3:19] אל), [Prov 26:11]; [Eccl 1:6]; [1Kin 17:21-22], (compare [1Sam 30:12] אל), השׁתחוה [Lev 26:11] (probably), [Isa 60:14]; pregnantly [24:22] בּוֺר עַל אֻסְּפוּ be collected (and delivered) into a dungeon: compare עַל חוּשׁ [Job 31:5] (figurative), also to requite עַלחֵֿיק [Isa 65:6-7], Kt. ([Jer 32:18]; [Psa 79:12] אל). After נראה appear, [90:16] (על ֗֗֗ אל). And as far as, unto (nearly = יַד) [Gen 49:13] צִידוֺן וְיַרְכָתוֺעַל, [Josh 2:7]; [18:13]; [19:12]; [Jer 31:39]; [Ezek 47:18]; [48:21], [28]; [Psa 48:11]; [1Chr 5:16].
(b) With אמר say to, [2Kin 22:8]; [Jer 18:11] (על ֗֗֗ אל), [22:6]; [23:2], [35] (אל ֗֗֗ על), [36:29]; [44:20] (על ֗֗֗ אל), דבר [1Sam 1:13] ([Gen 24:45] אל), [1Kin 9:5]; [Hosea 12:11]; [Jer 6:10]; [10:1]; [11:2] (על ֗֗֗ אל), speak to [25:2] (אל ֗֗֗ על), [26:2], compare [Est 1:17], י דבר ׳היה [Jer 25:1]; [1Chr 22:8]; compare [11:10], ענה [2Sam 19:43], קרא [Isa 34:14]; [2Chr 32:18], שִׁוַּע [Psa 18:42], הֵרַע [1Kin 17:20], שָׁר שֹׁרֵר, sing [Prov 25:20]; [Job 33:27], החליק [Prov 29:5] ( [Psa 36:3] אל), התפלל [1Sam 1:10], כתב[2Chr 30:1]; [Ezra 4:7]; [Est 8:8], שׁמע [2Kin 20:13] ( = [Isa 39:2]), [22:13]; [Jer 23:16]; [26:5]; [35:18]; [Hag 1:12]; see also השׂכיל התבונן, הבין, האזין, הקשׁיב,.
(c) Expressing (or implying) the direction of the mind, [2Sam 14:1] אבשׁלם על המלך לב; Malachi 3:24; [Ezra 6:22]; [Song 7:11] תְּשׁוּקָתוֺ וְעָלַי ([Gen 3:16]; [4:7] אל); על לִבּוֺ שָׂם [Job 1:8] ([2:3] אל), [1Sam 25:25] (על ֗֗֗ אל); [Jer 22:17] thy eyes and thy heart are only (set) upon (על) ..., [1Chr 12:17]; [1Kin 1:20]; [2Chr 20:12] עָלֶיךָ כִּי עֵינֵינוּ (elsewhere אל), [1Kin 2:15] פניהם שָׂמוּ עָלַי, [Psa 146:5] י על ׳שִׂבְרוֺ; [Isa 10:25] עלתַּֿבְלִיתָם וְאַמִּי be (directed) towards their destruction, [Jer 32:31] (Gf Ew compare RV); compare על שׁעה look to (trustfully) [Isa 17:7]; [31:1]. (The uses a, b, c are all exceptional: אל would be regularly employed.)
(d) With the force of over and towards (compare
5 and
7a b, end): [Psa 65:5] עַל עֲלִילָה נוֺרָא; to shine, etc. on, [31:17] עַל פָנֶיךָ הָאִירָה ([Num 6:25]; אל); עַל רָאָה [Exod 5:21]; עַל הוֺפִיעַ [Job 10:3]; עַל עֵינִי וְשַׂמְתִּי [Amos 9:4] + (compare [Job 14:3]; [24:3]; [34:21]); עַל הִשְׁקִיף look out over [Psa 14:3] +.
d. In a hostile sense, upon, against: so very often, after every kind of verb expressing or implying attack, as בא [Gen 34:25], [27], נֶאֱסַף [34:30], קצף to be angry [40:2], לון to murmur [Exod 15:24] עמד stand up [Lev 19:16] +, קָם rise up [Deut 19:11]; [Amos 7:9], נלחם [Deut 20:10], חנה [1Sam 11:1]; [Psa 27:3], עלה [2Kin 17:3], אף חרה [Zech 10:3] (usually בְּ), סללה שׁפך [Isa 37:33], צוּר besiege [Deut 20:12], חשׁב to devise [Gen 50:20]; [Jer 11:19], דִּבֶּר [Deut 13:6] +, etc.: add [Job 16:4] (twice in verse); [16:9-10], [13]; [19:12]; [21:27]; [30:12], etc.; על היה [2Sam 11:23]; [Num 31:3]: לַיִךְ הִנְנִי (see אֶל4); note also [Judg 9:31]; [20:5]: without a verb [Isa 9:20]; [Judg 16:12] עליך פלשׁתים the Philistines are upon thee, [20:9] בְּגוֺרָל עָלֶיהָ Against it by lot !
8 By writers of the silver age, על is sometimes used with the force of a dative, [1Chr 13:2] טוֺב עֲלֵיבֶם אִם (in classical Hebrew בְּעֵינֵיכֶם) if it seems good to you, טוֺב הַמֶּלֶךְ עַל אִם [Neh 2:5], [7]; [Est 1:19]; [3:9]; [5:4], [8]; [7:3]; [8:5]; [9:13] (compare in Aramaic [Ezra 5:17]; [7:18]); שָׁפַר עַל [Psa 16:6] (compare in Aramaic [Dan 4:24]); עַל עָרַב [Psa 104:34] (elsewhere לְ); לְ רַע [Eccl 2:17] (see De; compare עַל בְּאֵשׁ [Dan 6:15]): compare [Job 22:2] על סָכַן be profitable to, [33:23]; also עַל גָּמַל (in both good and bad sense: see גמל), [Neh 5:19] על עשׂה, [9:30] על משׁך prolong (mercy) to; עַל חֶסֶד הִטָּה [Ezra 7:28]; [9:9] ([Gen 39:21] אל): [1Sam 20:8] read probably עם for על. compare Mishna על חביב, dear to; על סני hateful to; Syriac , , pleasant, acceptable to. — compare in General the uses of , WAG ii. § 59.
9 With other particles: — אַחֲרֵי עַל [Ezek 41:15]; בֵּין עַל [19:11] (compare אל [31:10], [14]); לִפְנֵי עַל [40:15]; מֵעַל עַל [41:17] (text dubious), [41:20]; עֵבֶר עַל [Exod 25:37] (compare אל [Ezek 1:9], [12]); עַלבָּֿ֫כָה [Est 9:26]. — On עַלמְּֿנֵי מִּי, עַל עַליְֿדֵי, עַליַֿד,, see מָּנִים מֶּה, יָד,.
III. As
conjunction: a. אֲשֶׁר עַל because that . . . (compare above,
II 1 f b), [Exod 32:35] and ׳י plagued the people עשׂו אשׁר על because they had made, etc., [Num 20:24]; [Deut 29:24] (in answer to מה על: so [1Kin 9:9]; [Jer 16:11]; [22:9]), Jeremiah 32:51 (twice in verse); [1Sam 24:6]; [2Sam 3:30]; [6:8]; [8:10]; [12:6]; [Psa 119:49] +.
b. כִּי עַל similar in meaning, but less frequent: [Deut 31:17]; [Judg 3:12]; [Jer 4:28]; [Mal 2:14]; [Psa 139:14].
c. עַל alone: (a) because, [Gen 31:20] (E) הִגִּיד בְּלִי עַל, [Psa 119:136] לֹא עַל. (b) notwithstanding that (above,
1f f), although, [Isa 53:9] לֹא עַל עָשָׂה חָמָס although he did no violence, [Job 16:7] בְּכַמָּ֑י חָמָס לֹא עַל.
IV. Compounds: —
1 with כְּ (rare and late),
a. as concerning, as upon [Psa 119:14] כָּלהֿוֺן כְּעַל, [2Chr 32:19].
b. (pleon. for כְּ), [Isa 59:18] יְשַׁלֵּם כְּעַל גְּמֻלוֺת כְּעַל the like of their deeds is the like of (that which) he will repay (כְּעַל repeated on the analogue of כְּ [Num 15:15]; [Hosea 4:9]: see כְּ) = according to their deeds is (that which) he will repay, [Isa 63:7] according to.
2 מֵעַל304 from upon, from over, from by — used with much delicacy of application in many different connections, corresponding mostly with the different senses of על. Thus
a. from upon idiomatically, when removal, motion, etc., from a surface is involved, as האדמה פני מעל האדמה, מעל from upon (the face of) the ground, usually with expel, destroy, perish, etc. [Gen 4:14]; [6:7]; [7:4]; [Exod 32:12]; [Deut 6:15]; [28:21], [63] +? Jeremiah and compiler of Kings; to be lifted up מעל הארץ [Gen 7:17]; [Ezek 1:19], [21] +, to return or be dried (of water) הארץ מעל [Gen 8:3], [7], [11], [13]; to roll a stone הַבְּאֵד מִּי מֵעַל [29:3]; of the cloud departing מעל האהל [Num 9:17]; [12:10], compare [Neh 9:19]; to rise up מֵעַל הַכִּסֵּא [Judg 3:20]; [1Kin 2:4], מִשְׁכָּבוֺ מֵעַל [2Sam 11:2]; to alight (נָפַלׅ הַגָּמָל מֵעַל [Gen 24:64] (compare [Josh 15:18] צנח, [1Sam 25:23] ירד), הַמֶּרְכָּבָה מֵעַל ירד [Judg 4:15]; [2Kin 5:21] (נפל); to take ראֹשׁ מֵעַל [Gen 40:19]; [2Sam 12:30], הַמִּזְבֵּחַ מֵעַל [Lev 16:12]; [Num 17:11]; [Isa 6:6]; to see הַגָּנ מֵעַל [2Sam 11:2]; to shoot הַחוֺמָה מֵעַל [11:20]; [11:24]; to speak הַכַּמֹּרֶת מֵעַל [Exod 25:22]; [Num 7:89]; to cast down יָדַיִם מֵעַל [Deut 9:17]; [Lev 8:28] (כַּמַּיִם); to break, remove, etc., a yoke (צוארך) שׁכמך מעל [Gen 27:40]; [Isa 10:27]; [Jer 28:10-11], to wipe tears כָּלמָּֿנִים מֵעַל [Isa 25:8]; to take a bandage עיניו מעל [1Kin 20:41] (compare על [20:38]); often of putting off a garment or ornament., as [Gen 38:14], [19] מֵעָלֶיהָ צְעִיפָהּ וַתָּסַר, [Exod 33:5] מֵעָלֶיךָ עֶדְיְךָ הוֺרֵד, a sandal [3:5]; [Josh 5:15], a ring יָדוֺ מֵעַל [Gen 41:42]; to seek (דרשׁ), or hear, words הַסֵּפֶר מֵעַל [Isa 34:16]; [Jer 36:11] (compare ספד על כתב above); pregnantly with בָּלָה to wear away (and fall) from off, [Deut 8:4]; [29:4], compare of the bones or skin in disease [Job 30:17] מֵעָלָ֑י נִקַּר עֲצָמַי are pierced (and drop) from off me, [30:30] מעלי שָׁחַר עוֺרִי is black (and falls) from off me; figurative [1Sam 1:11] מֵעָלַיִךְ יֵינֵךְ הָסִירִי remove thy wine from off thee; [Num 14:9] מֵעֲלֵיהֶם צִלָּם סָר; [Judg 16:19-20], ׳י מעליו סר (with allusion to the hair, as the seat of Samson's strength), [1Sam 16:23] (compare על in [16:16]).
b. Of relief from a burden or trouble: as of a plague, stroke, rod, etc., removed from (resting) on one, [Exod 10:17] הַזֶּה אֶתהַֿמָּוֶת מֵעָלַי וְיָסֵר, [Num 21:7]; [25:8] ישׂר מֵעַל הַמַּגֵּפָה ׳וַתֵּעָצַר [2Sam 24:21], [25]), [Psa 39:11] נִגְעֶ֑ךָ מֵעָלַי הָסֵר, [Job 9:34]; [13:21]; [Joel 2:20]; of reproach [Josh 5:9]; [Isa 25:8]; [Psa 119:22], iniquity [Ezek 18:31]; [Zech 3:4], bloodguiltiness, [1Kin 2:31], wrath [Judg 8:3]; [Num 25:11]; [Prov 24:18], murmurings Numbers 17:21; Numbers 17:25; מֵעַל הֵקֵל to lighten from upon one [Exod 18:22] +; [Amos 5:23] שִׁירֶיךָ מֵעָלַיהֲמוֺן הָסֵר; pregnantly [Jonah 1:11-12], that the sea מֵעָלֵינוּ יִשְׁתֹּק may be calm from off us; to remove, etc., מָּנַי מֵעַל (see מָּנִים); [1Sam 6:20] to whom shall he go up מֵעָלֵינוּ — not merely 'from us,' but — from upon us (relieving us of his presence), so often of an army retiring from a country or raising a siege, [2Sam 10:14] עַמּוֺן בְּנֵי מֵעַל יוֺאָב ויָּשָׁב, [20:21] הָעִיר מֵעַל וְאֵעלכָה, [20:22]; Ki [3:27]; [18:14], especially with נַעֲלָה עָלָה, [1Kin 15:19]; [Jer 21:2]; [37:5], [11] +; [2Sam 19:10] David fled אבשׁלום מעל from Absalom (whom his presence had encumbered), [Neh 13:28] מֵעָלַי וָאַבְרִיחֵהוּ, compare [Gen 13:11]; [25:6]; [Num 20:21] ישׂר ׳וַיֵּט מֵעָלָיו, [2Chr 20:10]; [Exod 10:28] מֵעָלַי לֵךְ (contemptuously; be no more obnoxious to me), similarly [2Sam 13:17] מעלי אתזֿאת שׁלחונֿא (Amnon of Tamar).
c. From beside (compare על
6c), in different nuances: [Gen 17:22] God went up אברהם מעל from beside A., [35:13]; [18:3] עבדך מעל תעבר נא אל (compare על [18:5]), [42:24]; [Num 16:25], [27]; [1Kin 1:53] to come down הַמִּזְבֵּחַ מֵעַל (compare על [13:1]; 6c and
7b); from attendance on [Gen 45:1] (compare על ib.), [Judg 3:19] עָלָיו כָּלהָֿעֹמְדִים מֵעָלָיו וְיֵּצְאוּ [1Sam 17:15] (see Dr), [2Sam 13:9], compare1 Sam [13:8], [11]; [2Kin 25:5] ([Jer 36:21] read מ עַל, being dittograph), compare [2Chr 35:15]; from attachment to, י מֵעַל ׳רָחַק [Jer 2:5]; [Ezek 11:15]; [44:10], compare [8:6], י מֵעַל ׳סָר [Jer 32:40]; [Ezek 6:9], י מֵעַל ׳תָּעָה [44:10], [15], compare [14:5]; [Deut 13:11]; also חַטּאֹות מֵעַל סָר [2Kin 10:31]; [15:18] (usually מֵחטאות), compare [Ezek 14:6]; [23:18]; from companionship with, [Job 19:13] הִרְחִיק מֵעַלַי אַחַי; from accompanying protectingly [1Sam 28:15] מֵעַלַי סָר וֵאלֹהִים, [28:16] (compare על [Psa 110:5]; and see Dr); from adhesion to [2Kin 17:21] תָּוִד בֵּית מֵעַל ישׂראל קָרַע, [Isa 7:17]; [56:6] ׳י עַמּוֺ מֵעַל יַבְדִּילַנִי, [Hosea 9:1] אֱלֹהֶיךָ מֵעַל זָנִיתָ.
d. In late Hebrew, = עַל above: [2Kin 25:28] וגו כִּסֵּא מֵעַל ׳כִּסְאוֺ נָתַן (|| [Jer 52:32] more class. לְ מִמַּעַל), [Est 3:1]; [Psa 108:5] שׁמים מעל גדול (|| [57:11] עַד), [148:4]; [Eccl 5:7] שֹׁמֵר גָּבֹהַּ מֵעַל גָּבֹהַּ, [Neh 3:28]; [8:5]; [2Chr 34:4] מֵעֲלֵיהֶם לְמַעְלָה on high above them; [Ezek 41:17], [20]. — [Prov 14:14] read with De Now Str וּמִמַּעֲלָלָיו.
e. לְ מֵעַל (chiefly late, and pleonastic for עַל, or else = the more class. synonym לְ מִמַּעַל): (a) [Gen 1:7] לָרָקִיעַ מֵעַל ([Ezek 1:26] לְ ׳מִמַּעַל), [1:25] (text dubious; see Commentaries), [1Sam 17:39]; [Jonah 4:6]; [Mal 1:5] upon, over the border (territory) of Israel (so Köhl Ke: but Hi Ew We beyond, [2Chr 13:4] upon, mount Zemaraim, [24:20]. (b) beside[26:19] הַקְּטֹרֶת לְמִזְבַּח מֵעַל; [Neh 12:31] (twice in verse); [12:37-38], (twice in verse); [12:39] dubious: BeRy (in all) off the side of (מִן
6) = at a little distance from; Ke in [Neh 12:31]; [12:38]a upon, in [12:37]; [12:38]b; [12:39] by the side of (an ... vorüber).