αὔξ-ησις, εως, ἡ,
I
1. introducing the reason or cause of what precedes, for, τῷ γὰρ ἐπὶ φρεσὶ θῆκε θεὰ λευκώλενος Ἥρη· κήδετο γ. Δαναῶν Il. 1.56, etc.; but freq. in expl. of that wh. is implied in the preceding clause, πολλάων πολίων κατέλυσε κάρηνα.. τοῦ γὰρ κράτος ἐστὶ μέγιστον 2.118, etc.: hence, in simple explanations, esp. after a Pronoun or demonstr. Adj., ἀλλὰ τόδ’ αἰνὸν ἄχος κραδίην καὶ θυμὸν ἱκάνει· Ἕκτωρ γ. ποτε φήσει 8.148, cf. Od. 2.163; ὃ δὲ δεινότατον.. ὁ Ζεὺς γ... Ar. Av. 514; ὃ δὲ πάντων ἀδικώτατον ἔδοξε· τῶν γὰρ προγε γραμμένων ἠτίμωσε καὶ υἱούς Plu. Sull. 31; freq. in introducing proofs or examples, μαρτύριον δέ· Δήλου γ. καθαιρομένης.. Th. 1.8; τεκμήριον δέ· οὔτε γ. Λακεδαιμόνιοι.. Id. 2.39, cf. D. 20.10, etc.; in full, τεκμήριον δὲ τούτου τόδε· αἱ μὲν γ... Hdt. 2.58; παράδειγμα τόδε τοῦ λόγου· ἐκ γ... Th. 1.2; δηλοῖ δέ μοι τόδε· πρὸ γ... ib. 3. to introduce a detailed description or narration already alluded to, ὅμως δὲ λεκτέα ἃ γιγνώσκω· ἔχει γ. [ἡ χώρα] πεδία κάλλιστα.. X. An. 5.6.6, etc. in answers to questions or statements challenging assent or denial, yes,.., no,.., οὔκουν.. ἀνάγκη ἐστί; - ἀνάγκη γ. οὖν, ἔφη, ay doubtless it is necessary, X. Cyr. 2.1.7, cf. § 4 and 13; indicating assent, ἔχει γ. Pl. Phdr. 268a; ἱκανὸς γ., ἔφη, συμβαίνει γ., ἔφη, Id. R. 502b, 502c,cf. Ap. 41a, etc.; οὔκουν δὴ τό γ’ εἰκός. - οὐ γ.: Id. Phdr. 276c.
2. by inversion, preceding the fact explained, since, as, Ἀτρεΐδη, πολλοὶ γ. τεθνᾶσιν Ἀχαιοί.. τῷ σε χρὴ πόλεμον παῦσαι Il. 7.328; χρόνου δὲ οὐ πολλοῦ διελθόντος (χρῆν γ. Κανδαύλῃ γενέσθαι κακῶς) ἔλεγε πρὸς τὸν Γύγην τοιάδε, Γύγη, οὐ γ. σε δοκέω πείθεσθαι.. (ὦτα γ. τυγχάνει κτλ.), ποίει ὅκως.. Hdt. 1.8. cf. 6.102, al.; εἶεν, σὺ γ. τούτων ἐπιστήμων, τί χρὴ ποιεῖν; Pl. Phd. 117a; the principal proposition is sts. blended with the causal one, τῇ δὲ κακῶς γ. ἔδεε γενέσθαι εἶπε, i.e. ἡ δέ (κακῶς γ. οἱ ἔδεε γενέσθαι) εἶπε Hdt. 9.109, cf. 1.24, 4.149, 200, Th. 1.72, 8.30. attached to the hypothet. Particle instead of being joined to the apodosis, οὐδ’ εἰ γ. ἦν τὸ πρᾶγμα μὴ θεήλατον, ἀκάθαρτον ὑμᾶς εἰκὸς ἦν οὕτως ἐᾶν, i.e. οὐδὲ γ. εἰ ἦν.., S. OT 255. repeated, οὐ γ. οὖν σιγήσομαι· ἔτικτε γ... Id. OC 980, cf. Ant. 659 sq., 1255.
3. in elliptical phrases, where that of which γάρ gives the reason is omitted, and must be supplied, freq. in Trag. dialogue and Pl., when yes or no may be supplied from the context, καὶ δῆτ’ ἐτόλμας τούσδ’ ὑπερβαίνειν νόμους; - οὐ γ. τί μοι Ζεὺς ἦν ὁ κηρύξας τάδε [yes], for it was not Zeus, etc., S. Ant. 450, cf. OT 102, etc.; καλῶς γὰρ αὐτὸς ἠγάνισαι Pl. Smp. 194a; freq. in phrase ἔστι γ. οὕτω [yes], for so it is, i. e. yes certainly: λέγεταί τι καινόν; γένοιτο γ. ἄν τι καινότερον ἢ..; [why,] could there be.. ? D. 4.10; with negs., Ar. Ra. 262 τούτῳ γ. οὐ νικήσετε [do so], yet shall ye never prevail by this means: for ἀλλὰ γ., v. infr. 11.1. to confirm or strengthen something said, οἵδ’ οὐκέτ’ εἰσί· τοῦτο γάρ σε δήξεται [I say this], for it will sting thee, E. Med. 1370: after an Exclamation, ὦ πόποι· ἀνάριθμα γ. φέρω πήματα S. OT 168 (lyr.), cf. E. Hel. 857. in conditional propositions, where the condition is omitted, else, οὐ γ. ἄν με ἔπεμπον πάλιν (sc. εἰ μὴ ἐπίστευον) X. An. 7.6.33; γίνεται γ. ἡ κοινωνία συμμαχία for in that case, Arist. Pol. 1280b8.
4. in abrupt questions, why, what, τίς γ. σε θεῶν ἐμοὶ ἄγγελον ἧκεν; why who hath sent thee? Il. 18.182; πῶς γ. νῦν.. εὕδουσι; 10.424; πατροκτονοῦσα γ. ξυνοικήσεις ἐμοί; what, wilt thou.. ? A. Ch. 909: generally, after interrog. Particles, ἦ γ...; what, was it.. ? S. OT 1000, 1039, etc.; τί γ.; quid enim ? i. e. it must be so, Id. OC 539, 542, 547, etc.; τί γ. δή ποτε; D. 21.44; also πῶς γ.; πῶς γ. οὔ;, v. πῶς.
5. to strengthen a wish, c. opt., κακῶς γ. ἐξόλοιο O that you might perish ! E. Cyc. 261; cf. αἴ, εἰ, εἴθε, πῶς.
II joined with other Particles:
1 ἀλλὰ γ. where γάρ gives the reason of a clause to be supplied between ἀλλά and itself, as ἀλλ’ ἐν γὰρ Τρώων πεδίῳ.. but [ far otherwise], for.., Il. 15.739; ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἥκουσ’ αἵδ’ ἐπὶ πρᾶγος πικρόν but [ hush], for.., A. Th. 861; ἀλλ’ οὐ γ. σ’ ἐθέλω.. but [ look out] for.., Il. 7.242; in full, ἀλλ’ οὐ γάρ σφιν ἐφαίνετο κέρδιον εἶναι μαίεσθαι προτ έρω, τοὶ μὲν πάλιν αὖτις ἔβαινον Od. 14.355; ἀλλ’, οὐ γ. ἔπειθε, διδοῖ τὸ φᾶρος Hdt. 9.109.
2. γ. ἄρα for indeed, Pl. Prt. 315d, Smp. 205b.
3. γ. δή for of course, for you know, Il. 2.301, 23.607, Hdt. 1.34, 114, etc.; φάμεν γ. δή yes certainly we say so, Pl. Tht. 187e, cf. 164d; οὐ γ. δή S. Ant. 46, etc.
4. γ. νυ Od. 14.359.
5. γ. οὖν for indeed, to confirm or explain, Il. 15.232, Hdt. 5.34, S. Ant. 489, 771, etc.; φησὶ γ. οὖν yes of course he says so, Pl. Tht. 170a; γ. οὖν δή Id. Prm. 148c, etc.; οὐ γ. οὖν ib. 134b; cf. τοιγαροῦν.
6. γ. που for I suppose, esp. with negs., Id. R. 381c, Phd. 62d, etc.; οὐ γ. δήπου Id. Prt. 309c.
7. γ. ῥα, = γὰρ ἄρα, Il. 1.113, al.
8. γ. τε, 23.156; also τε γ. D. 19.159, Arist. Pol. 1333a2, al.
9. γ. τοι for surely.., E. Hel. 93, Supp. 564, etc.; οὐ γ. τοι Od. 21.172, etc.; cf. τοιγάρτοι.
POSITION:
γάρ prop.
1. stands after the first word in a clause, but in Pocts it freq. stands third or fourth, when the preceding words are closely connected, as ὁ μὲν γὰρ.. S. Aj. 764; χἠ ναῦς γὰρ.. Id. Ph. 527; τό τ’ εἰκαθεῖν γὰρ.. Id. Ant. 1096; τὸ μὴ θέμις γὰρ.. A. Ch. 641, cf. 753: also in Prose, τὸ κατ’ ἀξίαν γὰρ.. Arist. EN 1163b11: sts. for metrical reasons, where there is no such connexion, as third (A. Ag. 222.729, S. Ph. 219 (all lyr.)), fourth (Ar. Av. 1545); in later Com. fifth (Men. 462.2); sixth (Antiph. 26.22); seventh (Men. Epit. 531, Pk. 170, Athenio 1.5); once sixth in S., καιρὸς καὶ πλοῦς ὅδ’ ἐπείγει γὰρ κατὰ πρύμναν Ph. 1451.
2. inserted before the demonstr. -ί, as νυνγαρί for νυνὶ γάρ; cf. νυνί.
QUANTITY: γάρ is sts. long in Hom. metri gr., θήσειν γὰρ ἔτ’ ἔμελλεν Il. 2.39; φωνῆς γὰρ ἤκουσα h.Cer. 57. - In Att. always short: Ar. Eq. 366, V. 217, Lys. 20 are corrupt. 03
I with acc.
1. of person or thing aimed at, throw so as to hit, hit with a missile, freq. opp. striking with a weapon in the hand, βλήμενος ἠὲ τυπείς Il. 15.495; τὸν βάλεν, οὐδ’ ἀφάμαρτε 11.350, cf. 4.473, al.; so even in ἐγγύθεν ἐλβὼν βεβλήκει.. δουρί 5.73; and δουρὶ ὤμων μεσσηγὺς σχεδόθεν βάλε 16.807; but later opp. τοξεύειν, D. 9.17, X. An. 4.2.12; ἐκ χειρὸς β. ib. 3.3.15: c. dat. instrumenti, β. τινὰ δουρί, πέτρῳ, κεραυνῷ, etc., Il. 13.518, 20.288, Od. 5.128, etc.: βλήμενος ἢ ἰῷ ἢ ἔγχεϊ Il. 8.514: c. dupl. acc. pers. et partis, μιν βάλε μηρὸν ὀϊστῷ 11.583: c. acc. partis only, 5.19, 657; so τὸν δ’ Ὀδυσεὺς κατὰ λαιμὸν.. βάλεν ἰῷ Od. 22.15; δουρὶ βαλὼν πρὸς στῆθος Il. 11.144: c. acc. cogn., ἕλκος.., τό μιν βάλε Πάνδαρος ἰῷ 5.795; also βάλε Τυδεΐδαο κατ’ ἀσπίδα smote upon it, ib. 281.
2. less freq. of things, ἡνίοχον κονίης ῥαθάμιγγες ἔβαλλον 23.502; of drops of blood, 11.536, cf. A. Ag. 1390: metaph., κηλὶς ἔβαλέ νιν μητροκτόνος E. IT 1200, cf. HF 1219; of the sun, ἀκτῖσιν ἔβαλλεν [θάμνους ] Od. 5.479; ἔβαλλε.. οὐρανὸν Ἠώς A.R. 4.885 (so Pass., σελήνη.. δι’ εὐτρήτων βαλλομένη θυρίδων AP 5.122 (Phld.)); strike the senses, of sound, ἵππων ὠκυπόδων ἀμφὶ κτύπος οὔατα βάλλει Il. 10.535, cf. S. Ant. 1188, Ph. 205 (lyr.); of smell, ὀσμὴ β. τινά Id. Ant. 412; τάχ’ ἂν πέμφιξ σε βροντῆς καὶ δυσοσμίας β. Id. Fr. 538.
3. metaph., β. τινὰ κακοῖς, φθόνῳ, ψόγῳ, smite with reproaches, etc., Id. Aj. 1244, E. El. 902, Ar. Th. 895; στεφάνοις β. τινά Pi. P. 8.57 (hence metaph., praise, Id. O. 2.98); φθόνος βάλλει A. Ag. 947; φίλημα βάλλει τὴν καρδίαν Ach.Tat. 2.37.
II with acc.
1. of the weapon thrown, cast, hurl, of missiles, rare in Hom., βαλὼν βέλος Od. 9.495; χαλκὸν ἐνὶ στήθεσσι βαλών Il. 5. 346, cf. Od. 20.62; ἐν νηυσὶν.. πῦρ β. Il. 13.629: c. dat., of the weapon, throw or shoot with a thing, οἱ δ’ ἄρα χερμαδίοισι.. βάλλον 12.155; βέλεσι Od. 16.277: in Prose abs., β. ἐπί τινα throw at one, Th. 8.75; ἐπὶ σκοπόν X. Cyr. 1.6.29; ἐπίσκοπα Luc. Am. 16; alone, οἱ ψιλοὶ βάλλοντες εἶργον Th. 4.33: c. gen., βάλλοντα τοῦ σκοποῦ hitting the mark, Pl. SIsa 391a.
2. generally of anything thrown, εἰς ἅλα λύματ’ ἔβαλλον Il. 1.314; τὰ μὲν ἐν πυρὶ βάλλε Od. 14.429; [ νῆα] β. ποτὶ πέτρας 12.71; εὐνὰς β. throw out the anchor-stones, 9.137; β. σπόρον cast the seed, Theoc. 25.26; β. κόπρον POxy. 934.9 (iii A. D.): hence β. ἀρούρας manure, PFay. 118.21 (ii A. D.): metaph., ὕπνον.. ἐπὶ βλεφάροις β. Od. 1.364; β. σκότον ὄμμασι E. Ph. 1535 (lyr.); β. λύπην τινί S. Ph. 67. of persons, β. τινὰ ἐν κονίῃσιν, ἐν δαπέδῳ, Il. 8.156, Od. 22.188; γῆς ἔξω β. S. OT 622; β. τινὰ ἄθαπτον Id. Aj. 1333; ἄτιμον Id. Ph. 1028: - Pass., ὑπὸ χλαίνῃ βεβλημένος AP 5.164 (Mel.); βεβλημένος on a sick-bed, [Mat 8:14]: then metaph., ἐς κακὸν β. τινά Od. 12.221; ὅς με μετ’.. ἔριδας καὶ νείκεα β. Il. 2.376; β. τινὰ ἐς ἔχθραν, ἐς φόβον, A. Pr. 390, E. Tr. 1058; also ἐν αἰτίᾳ or αἰτίᾳ β. τινά, S. OT 657, Tr. 940 (but in E. Tr. 305 β. αἰτίαν ἔς τινα) ; κινδύνῳ β. τινά A. Th. 1053.
3. let fall, ἑτέρωσε κάρη βάλεν Il. 8.306, cf. 23.697; β. ἀπὸ δάκρυ παρειῶν Od. 4.198, cf. 114; κατὰ βλεφάρων β. δάκρυα Thgn. 1206; κατ’ ὄσσων E. Hipp. 1396; αἵματος πέμφιγα πρὸς πέδῳ β. A. Fr. 183; β. τοὺς ὀδόντας cast, shed them, Arist. HA 501b2, etc.; so βάλλειν alone, ib. 576a4; βοῦς βεβληκώς SIG 958.7 (Ceos).
4. of the eyes, ἑτέρωσε βάλ’ ὄμματα cast them, Od. 16.179; ὄμματα πρὸς γῆν E. Ion 582; πρόσωπον εἰς γῆν Id. Or. 958: intr., ὀφθαλμὸς πρὸς τὸ φῶς βαλών aiming at.., Plot. 2.4.5; βαλὼν πρὸς αὐτό directing one’s gaze at.., Id. 3.8.10.
5. of animals, push forward or in front, τοὺς σοὺς [ἵππους] πρόσθε βαλών Il. 23.572; πλήθει πρόσθε βαλόντες (sc. ἵππους) ib. 639; βάλλε κάτωθε τὰ μοσχία Theoc. 4.44: metaph., β. ψυχὰν ποτὶ κέρδεα Bion Fr. 5.12.
6. in a looser sense, put, place, with or without a notion of haste, τὼ μὲν.. βαλέτην ἐν χερσὶν ἑταίρων Il. 5.574, cf. 17.40, 21.104; μῆλα.. ἐν νηΐ β. Od. 9.470; ἐπὶ γᾶν ἴχνος ποδὸς β. E. Rh. 721 (lyr.); φάσγανον ἐπ’ αὐχένος β. Id. Or. 51; τοὺς δακτύλους εἰς τὰ ὦτα [Mar 7:33]; β. πλίνθους lay bricks, Edict.Diocl. 7.15; pour, οἶνον εἰς ἀσκούς [Mat 9:17]; εἰς πίθον Arr. Epict. 4.13.12, cf. Dsc. 1.71.5 (v.l. for ἐμβ.): metaph., ἐν στήθεσσι μένος βάλε ποιμένι λαῶν Il. 5.513; ὅπως.. φιλότητα μετ’ ἀμφοτέροισι βάλωμεν may put friendship between them, 4.16; μαντεύσομαι ὡς ἐνὶ θυμῷ ἀθάνατοι βάλλουσι Od. 1.201; ἐν καρδίᾳ β. Pi. O. 13.16; but also θυμῷ, ἐς θυμὸν β., lay to heart, A. Pr. 706, S. OT 975. esp. of putting round, ἀμφ’ ὀχέεσσι θοῶς βάλε καμπύλα κύκλα Il. 5.722; of clothes or arms, ἀμφὶ δ’ Ἀθήνη ὤμοις.. βάλ’ αἰγίδα 18.204; put on, φαιὰ ἱμάτια Plb. 30.4.5. place money on deposit, ἀργύριον τοῖς τραπεζίταις [Mat 25:27]. pay, PLond. 3.1177 (ii A. D.), POxy. 1448.5 (iv A. D.).
7. of dice, throw, τρὶς ἓξ βαλεῖν A. Ag. 33, cf. Pl. Lg. 968e; ἄλλα βλήματ’ ἐν κύβοις βαλεῖν E. Supp. 330: so prob. ψῆφος βαλοῦσα, abs., by its throw, A. Eu. 751: metaph., εὖ or καλῶς βάλλειν to be lucky, successful, Phld. lr. p.51 W., Rh. 1.10 S.
III intr.,
1. fall, ποταμὸς Μινυήϊος εἰς ἅλα βάλλων Il. 11.722, cf. A.R. 2.744, etc.; ἄνεμος κατ’ αὐτῆς (sc. νεώς) ἔβαλε [Act 27:14]; [ ἵππους] περὶ τέρμα βαλούσας having run round the post, Il. 23.462; ἐγὼ δὲ.. τάχ’ ἐν πέδῳ βαλῶ (sc. ἐμαυτήν) A. Ag. 1172 (lyr.); λίμνηθεν ὅτ’ εἰς ἁλὸς οἶδμα βάλητε arrive at.., A.R. 4.1579; εἴσω β. enter a river’s mouth, Orac. ap. D.S. 8.23; βαλὼν κάθευδε lie down and sleep, Arr. Epict. 2.20.10; τί οὖν, οὐ ῥέγκω βαλών; ib. 4.10.29; βαλὼν ἐπὶ τῆς στιβάδος ἐπεχείρει καθεύδειν Anon. ap. POxy. 1368.51; cf. A. 11.4.
2. in familiar language, βάλλ’ ἐς κόρακας away with you! be hanged! Ar. V. 835, etc.; βάλλ’ ἐς μακαρίαν Pl. Hp.Ma. 293a, cf. Men. Epit. 389. Med.,
1. put for oneself, ὡς ἐνὶ θυμῷ βάλλεαι that thou may’st lay it to heart, Il. 20.196, cf. Od. 12.218; σὺ δ’ ἐνὶ φρεσὶ βάλλεο σῇσιν Hes. Op. 107; εἰ μὲν δὴ νόστον γε μετὰ φρεσὶ.. βάλλεαι Il. 9.435; ἐς θυμὸν βαλέσθαι τι Hdt. 1.84, etc.; εἰς or ἐπὶ νοῦν, εἰς μνήμην, Plu. Thes. 24, Jul. Or. 2.58a, etc. (v. supr. A. 11.6); ἐπ’ ἑωυτῶν βαλόμενοι on their own responsibility, Hdt. 4.160, cf. 3.71, al.; ἑτέρως ἐβάλοντο θεοί, v. l. for ἐβόλοντο in Od. 1.234; θεοὶ δ’ ἑτέρωσε βάλοντο Q.S. 1.610.
2. τόξα or ξίφος ἀμφ’ ὤμοισιν βάλλεσθαι throw about one’s shoulder, Il. 10.333, 19.372, etc.; ἐπὶ κάρα στέφη β. E. IA 1513 (lyr.).
1.growth, increase, Hp. VM 6; τῶν ἐχθρῶν Th. 1.69, cf. Plu. TG 13; κατὰ τὸ ποσόν Arist. Metaph. 1069b11; of the Delta, Hdt. 2.13: in Pl., increments, Pl. R. 546b; multiplications, Ascl. Tact. 2.7.
2. amplification, in Rhet., Arist. Rh. 1368a27, 1413b34; μετ’ αὐξήσεως ἐξαγγέλλειν Plb. 10.27.8, cf. D.H. Th. 19 (pl.).
3. Gramm., the augment, EM 338.47.