πῶς,

Ion. κῶς, interrog. Adv. of Manner, how? Il. 1.123, etc.; sts. to express displeasure, 4.26, S. OT 391, Ph. 1031, Tr. 192; to express astonishment or doubt, π. εἶπας; A. Pers. 798, S. El. 407, etc.; π. λέγεις; Id. Ph. 1407; π. φῄς; A. Ag. 268, E. El. 575; π. τοῦτ’ ἔλεξας; A. Pers. 793; π. τοῦτ’ εἶπες αὖ; Pl. Plt. 309c; also π. μὴ φῶμεν . .; surely we must, Id. Tht. 161e . in dialogue, to ask explanation, with a repetition of a word used by the previous speaker, δίκαια - Answ. π. δίκαια; S. OC 832; μὴ δίκαιος ὤν - Answ. π. μὴ δίκαιος; Id. Tr. 412; συμβολάς - Answ. π. συμβολάς; Alex. 143; πῶς alone, how so, π., ὅς γε . .; S. Ph. 1386 .

2. with a second interrog. in the same clause, π. ἐκ τίνος νεώς ποτε . . ἥκετε; how and by what ship . .. E. Hel. 1543; τί τἀμὰ - π. ἔχει - θεσπίσματα; ib. 873; π. τί τοῦτο λέγεις; how say you and what? Pl. Ti. 22b, cf. Tht. 146d, 208e, etc.

3. c. gen. modi, π. ἀγῶνος ἥκομεν; how are we come off in it? E. El. 751; π. ἔχει πλήθους ἐπισκοπεῖ Pl. Grg. 451c .

4. with Verbs of selling, how? at what price? π. ὁ σῖτος ὤνιος; Ar. Ach. 758, cf. Eq. 480; τὰ δ’ ἄλφιθ’ ὑμῖν π. ἐπώλουν; - Answ. τεττάρων δραχμῶν . . τὸν κόφινον Stratt. 13 .

II with other Particles, π. ἂν . .; π. κε(ν) . .; how possibly . .. π. ἂν ἔπειτ’ ἀπὸ σεῖο . . λιποίμην οἶος; Il. 9.437, cf. Od. 1.65, etc.; π. ἂν γένοιτ’ ἂν . . ποδῶν ἔκμακτρον; E. El. 534: so with indic., Il. 22.202, E. Alc. 96 (lyr.), etc. in Trag., π. ἄν c. opt. is freq. used to express a wish, O how might it be? i.e. would that it might . .! π. ἂν θάνοιμι; π. ἂν ὀλοίμην; etc., S. Aj. 388 (lyr.), E. Supp. 796 (lyr.), cf. Hipp. 208 (anap.), 345; rare in Com., Ar. Th. 22 (a trace of this usage appears in Hom., Od. 15.195 ): in later Prose, π. ἂν γένοιτο ἑσπέρα; LXX De. 28.67; also with aor. subj. (without ἄν ), π. κοιμηθῶ; M.Ant. 9.40; π. μή μοι μέγας λέων ἐπιφανῇ; Arr. Epict. 4.10.10; with pres., π. μὴ χρῄζω; M.Ant.l.c.

2. π. ἄρα . .; in reply, how then? π. τ’ ἄρ’ ἴω . .; Il. 18.188, cf. Od. 3.22, h.Ap. 19, 207 .

3. π. γὰρ . .; also in reply, as if something had gone before, [ that cannot be ], for how can . .. Il. 1.123, Od. 10.337, etc.; π. γὰρ κάτοιδα; S. Ph. 250, cf. 1383; v. infr. 111.1 .

4. π. δὲ . .; to introduce a strong objection, π. δὲ σὺ νῦν μέμονας, κύον ἀδδεές . .; Il. 21.481, cf. Od. 18.31; δόξει δὲ π .; A. Pr. 261 .

5. π. δή; how in the world? π. δὴ φῂς πολέμοιο μεθιέμεν; Il. 4.351, cf. 18.364, A. Ag. 543, etc.; also π. γὰρ δή . .; Od. 16.70; π. δῆτα . .; A. Ag. 622, 1211, Ar. Nu. 79, etc.

6. π. καὶ . .; just how . .. E. Hec. 515, Ph. 1354, etc.; π. δὲ καὶ . .; A. Pers. 721, v. καί B. 6; but καὶ π . . .; to introduce an objection, E. Ph. 1348, v. καί A. 11.2: hence καὶ π .; alone, but how? impossible! Pl. Alc. 1.134c, Tht. 163d, etc.

7. π. οὐ . .; how not so . .. i.e. surely it is so . ., π. οὐ δεινὰ εἴργασθε; Th. 3.66, cf. Ar. Nu. 398, D. 18.273 .

8. π. οὖν . .; like π. ἄρα . .; A. Supp. 297, 340, S. OT 568, etc.; π. ἂν οὖν . . with opt., A. Pers. 243, E. IT 98 .

9. π. ποτε . .; how ever . .. S. OT 1210 (lyr.), Ph. 687 (lyr.).

III πῶς folld. by several of the abovenamed Particles is freq. used in elliptical sentences, as,

1 π. γάρ; inserted parenthet. in a negative sentence, for how is it possible? how can or could it be? hence in emphatic denial, κἀγὼ μὲν οὐκ ἔδρασα, τοῦτ’ ἐπίσταμαι, οὐδ’ αὖ σύ· π. γάρ; Id. El. 911; οὐκ ἀπορῶν ( π. γάρ; ), ὅς γε . . D. 18.312, cf. 21.217, Pl. Sph. 263c, etc.; οὐδ’ ἐπὶ τὴν ἑστίαν καταφυγών ( π. γὰρ ἄν; ), ὅστις . . Lys. 1.27; π. γὰρ οὔ; how can it but be? i.e. it must be so, A. Ch. 754, S. El. 1307, Pl. Tht. 160c, al.; π. γάρ; (sc. ἄλλως ἔχει ) is so used in S. Aj. 279 .

2. π. δή; how so? A. Eu. 601, Ar. Nu. 664, 673, etc.; π. δῆτα; Pl. Grg. 469b; π. δαί; Ar. V. 1212 .

3. π. δ’ οὔ; like π. γὰρ οὔ; (v. supr. 1 ), Pl. Tht. 153b, R. 457a; π. δ’ οὐχί; S. OT 1015, Ar. Pax 1027; parenthetically, S. OT 567; π. δ’ οὐκ ἄν . .; A. Pr. 759 .

4. π. οὖν; how then? how next? E. Med. 1376, Hipp. 598, 1261, D. 19.124; π. οὖν ἄν . .; X. Mem. 1.2.64 .

5. π. δοκεῖς; parenthet., in conversation, how think you? hence (losing all interrog. force),= λίαν, wonderfully, Ar. Pl. 742, Nu. 881, Ach. 24; also π. οἴει σφόδρα Id. Ra. 54; cf. δοκέω 1.2 . π . in indirect questions for ὅπως, A. Eu. 677, S. Tr. 991 (anap.), Ar. Eq. 614, X. Mem. 1.2.36, etc.; ἐθαύμαζον ἂν π . . . ἔδεισαν IG 12(3).174.28 (Cnidus, Epist.Aug.); ζητηθήσεται π. ὅτι καὶ τοῦτο ἀληθές ἐστι S.E. M. 8.16 . in exclamations, ὦ π. πονηρόν ἐστιν ἀνθρώπου φύσις τὸ σύνολον Philem. 2; π. παραχρῆμα ἐξηράνθη . . ! Ev.Mat 21:20; π. δυσκόλως . . ! Mar 10:23 .

πῶς pōs 103x

    interrogative particle, How? In what manner? By what means? Mat 7:4; Mat 22:12; Joh 6:52;

    used in interrogations which imply a negative, Mat 12:26; Mat 12:29; Mat 12:34; Mat 22:45; Mat 23:33; Act 8:31;

    put concisely for How is it that? How does it come to pass that? Mat 16:11; Mat 22:43; Mar 4:40; Joh 7:15;

    with an indirect interrogation, how, in what manner, Mat 6:28; Mat 10:19; Mar 11:18;

    put for τί, What? Luk 10:26;

    put for ὡς, as a particle of exclamation, how, how much, how greatly, Mar 10:23-24

G4459 — πῶς

(from the obsolete ΠΟΣ, whence ποῦ, ποῖ, etc. (cf. Curtius, § 631)), adverb (from Homer down);

I. in interrogation; how? in what way? — in a direct question, followed by a. the indicative, it is the expression α. of one seeking information and desiring to be taught: Luk 1:34; Luk 10:26; Joh 3:9; Joh 9:26; 1Co 15:35 (cf. Winer's Grammar, 266 (250)); πῶς οὖν, Joh 9:10 Tdf. (but L WH brackets οὖν), Joh 9:19; Rom 4:10. β. of one about to controvert another, and emphatically deny that the thing inquired about has happened or been done: Mat 12:29; Mar 3:23; Luk 11:18; Joh 3:4, Joh 3:12; Joh 5:44, Joh 5:47; Joh 6:52; Joh 9:16; 1Jo 3:17; 1Jo 4:20; Rom 3:6; Rom 6:2; 1Co 14:7, 1Co 14:9, 1Co 14:16; 1Ti 3:5; Heb 2:3; καί πῶς, Mar 4:13; Joh 14:5 (here L text Tr WH omit καί); πῶς οὖν, Mat 12:26; Rom 10:14 R G; πῶς δέ, Rom 10:14a R G L marginal reading, 14b R G T, 15 R G (on this see in b. below). where something is asserted and an affirmative answer is expected, πῶς οὐχί is used: Rom 8:32; 2Co 3:8. γ. of surprise, intimating that what has been done or is said could not have been done or said, or not rightly done or said — being equivalent to how is it, or how has it come to pass, that etc.: Gal 2:14 G L T Tr WH; Mat 22:12; Joh 4:9; Joh 6:52; Joh 7:15; πῶς λέγεις, λέγουσι, κτλ., Mar 12:35; Luk 20:41; Joh 8:38; καί πῶς, Luk 20:44; Act 2:8; καί πῶς σύ λέγεις, Joh 12:34; Joh 14:9 (here L T WH omit; Tr brackets καί); πῶς οὖν, Joh 6:42 (here T WH Tr text πῶς νῦν); Mat 22:43; πῶς οὐ, how is it that... not, why not? Mat 16:11; Mar 8:21 R G L marginal reading; (R G T); Luk 12:56.

b. the deliberative subjunctive (where the question is, how that can be done which ought to be done): πῶς πληρωθῶσιν αἱ γραφαί, how are the Scriptures (which ought to be fulfilled) to be fulfilled? Mat 26:54; πῶς φύγητε, how shall ye (who wish to escape) escape etc. Mat 23:33; add, πῶς οὖν, Rom 10:14 L T Tr WH; πῶς δέ, Rom 10:14a L text T Tr WH; 14{b} L Tr WH; 15 L T Tr WH (Sir. 49:11); cf. Fritzsche on Romans, vol. ii., 405f c. followed by ἄν with the optative: πῶς γάρ ἄν δυναίμην; Act 8:31 (on which see ἄν, III., p. 34b).

II. By a somewhat negligent use, occasionally met with, even in Attic writings, but more frequent in later authors, πῶς is found in indirect discourse, where regularly ὅπως ought to have stood; cf. Winers Grammar, § 57, 2 at the end; (Liddell and Scott, under the word, IV.).

a. with the indicative — present: Mat 6:28; Mar 12:41; Luk 12:27; Act 15:36; 1Co 3:10; Eph 5:15; Col 4:6; 1Ti 3:15; τό πῶς (on the article see ὁ, II. 10 a.); with the imperfect Luk 14:7; with the perfect, Rev 3:3; with the aorist, Mat 12:4; Mar 2:26 (here Tr WH brackets πῶς); Luk 8:36; Act 9:27, etc.; after ἀναγινώσκειν, Mar 12:26 T Tr WH; how it came to pass that, etc. Joh 9:15; with the future: μέριμνα, πῶς ἀρέσει (because the direct question would be πῶς ἀρέσω;), 1Co 7:32-34 (but L T Tr WH ἀρέσῃ); ἐζήτουν πῶς αὐτόν ἀπολέσουσιν, how they shall destroy him (so that they were in no uncertainty respecting his destruction, but were only deliberating about the way in which they will accomplish it), Mar 11:18 R G (but the more correct reading here, according to the best manuscripts, including codex Siniaticus, is ἀπολέσωσιν 'how they should destroy him' (cf. Winers Grammar, § 41 b. 4 b.; Buttmann, § 139, 61; see the next entry)).

b. with the subjunctive, of the aorist and in deliberation: Mar 11:18 L T Tr WH; Mar 14:1, Mar 14:11 (R G); Mat 10:19; Luk 12:11; τό πῶς, Luk 22:2, Luk 22:4; Act 4:21.

III. in exclamation, how: πῶς δύσκολόν ἐστιν, Mar 10:24; πῶς παραχρῆμα, Mat 21:20; πῶς δυσκόλως, Mar 10:23; Luk 18:24; with a verb, how (greatly): πῶς συνέχομαι, Luk 12:50; πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν, Joh 11:36.

πῶς ,

interrog. adv. , correl. of ὅπως ,

1. prop ., in direct questions, how?: c . indic ., Mat 12:29, Mar 3:23, Luk 11:18, Joh 3:4, al. ; Καὶ Papyri, Mar 4:13, Luk 20:44; Papyri οὖν , Mat 12:26; Papyri οὐ , Mat 16:11, Luk 12:56; in deliberative questions ( cf. Bl., § 64, 6), c . subjc ., Mat 23:33; Mat 26:54; Papyri οὖν , Rom 10:14; Papyri δέ Rom 10:14-15; seq . ἄν , c . optat ., Act 8:31.

2. As sometimes in cl . but more freq . and increasingly so in late writers ( v. WM , § 57, 2; B1., § 70, 2; Thumb, MGr ., 192; Jannaris , Gr ., App ., vi, 13 f .), = ὅπως , ὥς ;

(a) in indirect discourse: c . indic ., Mat 6:28, Mar 12:41, Luk 8:36, Joh 9:15, Act 9:27, al. ; c . subjc ., Mar 11:18, Luk 12:11;

(b) in exclamations: Mat 21:20, Mar 10:23-24, Luk 12:20; Luk 18:24, Joh 11:36.

詞類次數：副詞（103）

原文字根：?正如（?用何法）

字義溯源：用何法，怎，怎樣，怎麼，怎能，如何，何等的，法子，豈，豈可，何況，焉能；源自（G4226（ποῦ）=如何），而G4226（ποῦ）出自（G4211（πορφυρόπωλις）X*=有些，甚麼）。這字的使用有三方面：

1）直接詢問 2）簡接詢問 3）感嘆，或呼喊

出現次數：總共（104）；太（14）；可（15）；路（16）；約（20）；徒（9）；羅（8）；林前（9）；林後（1）；加（2）；弗（1）；西（1）；帖前（2）；帖後（1）；提前（2）；來（1）；約壹（1）；啓（1）

譯字彙編：

1）怎麼（23）太6:28；太22:43；可4:40；可12:35；可14:1；路8:36；路12:27；路12:56；路20:41；路20:44；約4:9；約6:42；約8:33；約9:10；約9:21；約12:34；約14:5；約14:9；徒2:8；徒8:31；林前15:12；加2:14；加4:9；

2）怎樣（22）太12:4；太12:29；可2:26；可12:41；路8:18；路22:2；路22:4；約9:15；約9:26；徒9:27；徒9:27；徒12:17；林前3:10；林前7:32；林前7:33；林前7:34；林前15:35；西4:6；帖前1:9；帖後3:7；提前3:15；啓3:3；

3）怎能（12）路11:18；約5:47；羅3:6；羅10:14；羅10:14；羅10:14；羅10:15；林前14:7；林前14:9；林前14:16；來2:3；約壹3:17；

4）如何（9）可5:16；可12:26；可14:11；路12:11；路14:7；約5:44；徒11:13；徒15:36；徒20:19；

5）怎麼⋯呢（6）太16:11；太21:20；太22:12；太22:45；約7:15；約9:19；

6）怎能⋯呢（5）太7:4；太23:33；太26:54；可4:13；路1:34；

7）怎（4）太12:34；路6:42；約6:52；約9:16；

8）怎⋯呢（3）太12:26；可3:23；約3:9；

9）法子（2）可11:18；徒4:21；

10）如何⋯呢（2）約3:4；約3:12；

11）是怎樣（2）可9:12；羅4:10；

12）何等的（2）可10:24；路12:50；

13）如此（1）帖前4:1；

14）焉能（1）提前3:5；

15）何等⋯哪（1）路18:24；

16）當如何（1）弗5:15；

17）豈可（1）羅6:2；

18）是何等的（1）可10:23；

19）甚麼（1）可4:30；

20）是怎樣呢（1）路10:26；

21）該怎樣（1）太10:19；

22）豈（1）羅8:32；

23）何等（1）約11:36；

24）何況（1）林後3:8