γεì
γε, Dor. and Boeot. γα, enclitic Particle, giving emphasis to the word or words which it follows.
I
1. with single words, at least, at any rate, but often only to be rendered by italics in writing, or emphasis in pronunciation: τὸ γὰρ.. σιδήρου γε κράτος ἐστίν such is the power of iron, Od. 9.393; εἴ που πτωχῶν γε θεοὶ.. εἰσίν if the poor have any gods to care for them, 17.475; μάλιστά γε 4.366; ὅ γ’ ἐνθάδε λεώς at any rate the people here, S. OC 42, etc.: with negs., οὐ δύο γε not even two, Il. 5.303, 20.286; οὔκουν φθόγγος γε not the least sound, E. IA 9.
2. with Pronouns: with Pron. of 1st Pers. so closely joined, that the accent is changed, in ἔγωγε, ἔμοιγε (also ἔγωγα Lacon., but ἐγώνγα, ἰώνγα Boeot.): in Hom. freq. with Art. used as Pron., v. ὅ γε: with demonstr. Pronouns, κεῖνός γε, τοῦτό γε, etc.: in Com. coalescing with -ί final, αὑτηγί Ar. Ach. 784; τουτογί, ταυταγί, etc., Id. V. 781, Pax 1057, etc. (but ἐνγεταυθί Th. 646): after possess. Pronouns, ἐμόν γε θυμόν Il. 20.425, etc.: freq. after relat. Pronouns, ὅς γε, οἵ γε, etc., οἵ γέ σου καθύβρισαν S. Ph. 1364; ὅς γ’ ἐξέλυσας δασμόν Id. OT 35, etc.; ὅσον γε χρῄζεις even as much as.., ib. 365; οἷόν γέ μοι φαίνεται Pl. R. 329a: rarely with interrog. Pronouns, τίνα γε.. εἶπας; E. Tr. 241; ποίου γε τούτου πλήν γ’ Ὀδυσσέως ἐρεῖς; S. Ph. 441.
3. after Conjunctions, to emphasize the modification or condition introduced by the subjoined clause, πρίν γε, before at least, sts. repeated, οὐ μὲν.. ὀΐω πρίν γ’ ἀποπαύσεσθαι, πρίν γε.. αἵματος ἆσαι Ἀρῆα Il. 5.288, cf. Od. 2.127; πρὶν ἄν γε or πρίν γ’ ἄν, Ar. Eq. 961, Ra. 78, etc.; ὅτε γε Pl. Phd. 84e; ὁπότε γε S. OC 1699; ἐπεί γε X. An. 1.3.9; ἐπειδή γε Th. 6.18; ὅπου γε X. Cyr. 2.3.11; εἴ γε, ἐάν γε, if that is to say, if really, Th. 6.18, Pl. Phdr. 25 [*]c; also simply to lay stress on the condition, κἄν γε μὴ λέγω and if I do not.., Ar. Ach. 317; εἴπερ γε if at any rate, Hdt. 7.16. γ, 143, etc.; ὥστε γε (v.l. ὥς γε), with inf., so far at least as to.., Pl. Phdr. 230b; ὥς γ’ ἐμοὶ χρῆσθαι κριτῇ E. Alc. 801; ὥς γε or ὥσπερ γε as at least, S. Ant. 570, OT 715, etc.: - γε may follow τε, when τε is closely attached to the preceding word, ὡς οἷόν τέ γε μάλιστα X. Mem. 4.5.2, Pl. R. 412b; ἐάντε γε Id. Plt. 293d; οἵ τέ γε Id. Grg. 454e: - for its use in opposed or disjunctive clauses, v. infr. 11.3.
4. after other Particles, καὶ μὴν.. γε, οὐ μὴν.. γε, with words intervening, X. Mem. 1.4.12, E. Alc. 518, etc.; after ἄν in apodosi, when preceded by οὐ or καί, Id. Ph. 1215, Or. 784; ἄταρ.. γε but yet, Ar. Ach. 448; καίτοι γε, v. καί τοι; ἀλλά γε (without intervening words) is f.l. in Pl. Hp.Ma. 287b (leg. ἀλλ’ ἄγε), R. 331b (ἀλλά γε ἕν codd., ἀλλὰ ἕν γε Stob.); ἀλλά γε δή dub. in Id. Phdr. 262a; later, Plu. 2.394c, Ael. NA 10.49 codd.: but,
5. when preceding other Particles, γε commonly refers to the preceding word, while the Particle retains its own force: but sts. modifies the sense of the following Particle, γε μήν nevertheless, πάντως γε μήν Ar. Eq. 232, cf. E. El. 754, X., etc.; and Ion. γε μέν Il. 2.703, Od. 4.195, Hdt. 7.152; γε μὲν δή A. Ag. 661, S. Tr. 484; γε μέντοι Pl. Tht. 164a, X. An. 2.3.9, etc.: γε δή freq. strengthens an assertion, A. Pr. 42, Th. 2.62, etc.; οἰόμεθά γε δή Pl. Euthd. 275a (cf. also 11.1); γέ τοι, implying that the assertion is the least that one can say, Ar. V. 934, Pl. 424, 1041, etc.; γέ τοι Pl. Grg. 447b; γέ τοι δή S. OT 1171, Pl. Phdr. 264b; γέ τοί που Id. Lg. 888e; γε δήπου Id. Phd. 94a, etc.; γέ που at all events, any how, Ar. Ach. 896, Pl. R. 607d, 478a, etc.; for γε οὖν, v. γοῦν.
II exercising an influence over the whole clause:
1 epexegetic, namely, that is, Διός γε διδόντος that is if God grant it, Od. 1.390; κλῦθι, Ποσείδαον.., εἰ ἐτεόν γε σός εἰμι if indeed I am really thine, 9.529: hence to limit, strengthen or amplify a general assertion, ἀνὴρ.. ὅστις πινυτός γε any man - at least any wise man, 1.229; freq. preceded by καί, usu. with words intervening, ἦ μὴν κελεύσω κἀπιθωΰξω γε πρός ay and besi [*]es that.., A. Pr. 73; παρῆσάν τινες καὶ πολλοί γε some, ay and a great many, Pl. Phd. 58d; καὶ γελοίως γε Id. R. 531a; freq. with the last term in an enumeration, ταύτῃ ἄρα.. πρακτέον καὶ γυμναστέον καὶ ἐδεστέον γε καὶ ποτέον Id. Cri. 47b; ὄψεις τε καὶ ἀκοαὶ καὶ.. καὶ ἡδοναί γε δή Id. Tht. 156b; repeated, συνήγαγόν μοι καί γε ἀργύριον καί γε χρυσίον LXX [Ecc 2:8]; rarely without intervening words, καί γε ὁ θάνατος διὰ τὴν μοίρην ἔλαχεν Hp. Septim. 9, cf. Lys. 11.7 codd.; καί γε.. ἐκχεῶ [Act 2:18]: hence,
2. in dialogue, in answers where something is added to the statement of the previous speaker, as ἔπεμψέ τίς σοι.. κρέα; Answ. καλῶς γε ποιῶν yes and quite right too, Ar. Ach. 1049; κενὸν τόδ’ ἄγγος, ἢ στέγει τι; Answ. σά γ’ ἔνδυτα.. yes indeed, your clothes, E. Ion 1412; οὕτω γὰρ ἂν μάλιστα δηχθείη πόσις. Answ. σὺ δ’ ἂν γένοιο γ’ ἀθλιωτάτη γυνή yes truly, and you.., Id. Med. 817, cf. S. OT 680, etc.; πάνυ γε yes certainly, Pl. Euthphr. 8e, etc.; οὕτω γέ πως yes somehowso, Id. Tht. 165c; sts. preceded by καί, καὶ οὐδέν γ’ ἄτοπον yes and no wonder, ib. 142b, cf. d, 147e; sts. ironically, εὖ γε κηδεύεις πόλιν E. IT 1212.
3. to heighten a contrast or opposition, after conditional clauses, εἰ μὲν δὴ σύ γ’.., τῷ κε Ποσειδάων γε.. if you do so, then at all events Poseidon will.., Il. 15.49 sq.; ἐπεὶ πρὸς τοῦτο σιωπᾶν ἥδιόν σοι.. τόδε γε εἰπέ at any rate tell me this, X. Cyr. 5.5.20; εἰ μὴ τὸ ὅλον, μέρος γ’ ἐπιβάλλει D. 18.272: - sts. in the protasis, εἰ γὰρ μὴ ἑκόντες γε.. ἀλλ’ ἀέκοντας.. Hdt. 4.120. in disjunctive sentences to emphasize an alternative, ἤτοι κεῖνόν γε.. δεῖ ἀπόλλυσθαι ἢ σέ.. Id. 1.11; ἤτοι κρίνομέν γε ἢ ἐνθυμούμεθα ὀρθῶς τὰ πράγματα Th. 2.40; πατὴρ δ’ ἐμός.. ζώει ὅ γ’ ἢ τέθνηκε Od. 2.131, cf. Il. 10.504: also in the second clause, εἰπέ μοι, ἠὲ ἑκὼν ὑποδάμνασαι ἤ σέ γε λαοὶ ἐχθαίρουσι Od. 3.214, cf. Hdt. 7.10. θ, S. OT 1098 sq.
4. in exclamations, etc., ὥς γε μή ποτ’ ὤφελον λαβεῖν dub. in E. IA 70, cf. S. OC 977, Ph. 1003, Ar. Ach. 93, 836, etc.; in oaths, οὔτοι μὰ τὴν Δήμητρά γ’ v.l. in Ar. Eq. 698; μὰ τὸν Ποσειδῶ γ’ οὐδέποτ’ Id. Ec. 748; καὶ ναὶ μὰ Δία γε X. [Rev 20:1-15]; καὶ νὴ Δία γε Ar. Eq. 1350, D.Chr. 17.4, Luc. Merc.Cond. 28, Lib. Or. 11.59, etc.: with words intervening, καὶ νὴ Δί’, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, ἕτεροί γε.. D. 13.16; νὴ Δία, ὦ Ἀθηναῖοι, ὥρα γε ὑμῖν X. HG 7.1.37; merely in strong assertions, τίς ἂν φιλέοντι μάχοιτο; ἄφρων δὴ κεῖνός γέ.. Od. 8.209, etc.
5. implying concession, εἶμί γε well then I will go (in apodosi), E. HF 861; δρᾶ γ’ εἴ τι δράσεις Id. IA 817, cf. Andr. 239.
III γε freq. repeated in protasis and apodosis, as πρίν γε.., πρίν γε, v. supr. 1.3; εἰ μή γε.. τινὶ μείζονι, τῇ γε παρούσῃ ἀτιμίᾳ Lys. 31.29; even in the same clause, οὐδέν γ’ ἄλλο πλήν γε καρκίνους Ar. V. 1507, cf. Hdt. 1.187, E. Ph. 554, Pl. R. 335b, Grg. 502a.
POSITION: γε normally follows the word which it limits; but is freq. placed immediately after the Article, as ὅ γε πόλεμος Th. 1.66, etc.; or the Pr, κατά γε τὸν σὸν λόγον X. Cyr. 3.1.15; ἔν γε ταῖς Θήβαις S. OT 1380; or δέ, νῦν δέ γε Pl. Tht. 144e; τὸ δέ γε ib. 164b; δοῖμεν δέ γέ που ἄν Id. R. 607d, cf. Phd. 94a, etc.; freq. in retorts, ἁμές ποκ’ ἦμες ἄλκιμοι νεανίαι. Answ. ἁμὲς δέ γ’ εἰμές Carm.Pop. 18; οὐκ οἶδ’ ὅτι λέγεις. Answ. ἡ γραῦς δέ γε οἶδ’, ὡς ἐγῷμαι Men. Epit. 577, cf. A. Th. 1031, etc.
G1065 — γέ
an enclitic particle, answering exactly to no one word in Latin or English; used by the Biblical writers much more rarely than by Greek writers. How the Greeks use it, is shown by (among others) Hermann ad Vig., p. 822ff; Klotz ad Devar. ii. 1, p. 272ff; Rost in Passow's Lexicon, i., p. 538ff; (Liddell and Scott, under the word; T. S. Evans in Journ. of class. and sacr. Philol. for 1857, pp. 187ff). It indicates that the meaning of the word to which it belongs has special prominence, and therefore that that word is to be distinguished from the rest of the sentence and uttered with greater emphasis. This distinction "can be made in two ways, by mentioning either the least important or the most; thus it happens that γέ seems to have contrary significations: 'at least' and 'even'" (Hermann, the passage cited, p. 822).
1. where what is least is indicated; indeed, truly, at least: διά γέ τήν ἀναίδειαν, [Luk 11:8] (where, since the force of the statement lies in the substantive not in the preposition, the Greek should have read διά τήν γέ ἀναίδειαν, cf. Klotz, the passage cited, p. 327; Rost, the passage cited, p. 542; (Liddell and Scott, under the word IV.)); διά γέ τό παρέχειν μοι κόπον, at least for this reason, that she troubleth me (A. V. yet because etc.), [Luk 18:5] (better Greek διά τό γέ etc.).
2. where what is most or greatest is indicated; even: ὅς γέ the very one who etc., precisely he who etc. (German deresjaist,welcher etc.), [Rom 8:32]; cf. Klotz, the passage cited, p. 305; Matthiae, Lex. Euripides i., p. 613f.
3. joined to other particles it strengthens their force;
a. ἀλλά γέ (so most editions) or ἀλλαγε (Griesbach) (cf. Winer's Grammar, § 5, 2): [Luk 24:21]; [1Co 9:2]; see ἀλλά, I. 10.
b. ἄρα γέ or ἄραγε, see ἄρα, 4. ἄρα γέ, see ἄρα, the passage cited εἴγε (so G T, but L Tr WH εἰ γέ; cf. Winers Grammar, as above; Lipsius Gram. Unters., p. 123), followed by the indicative if indeed, seeing that, of a thing believed to be correctly assumed (Herm. ad Vig., p. 831; cf. Fritzsche, Praeliminarien as above with p. 67ff; Anger, Laodicenerbrief, p. 46; (Winer's Grammar, 448 (417f). Others hold that Hermann's statement does not apply to the N. T. instances. According to Meyer (see notes on [2Co 5:3]; [Eph 3:2]; [Gal 3:4]) the certainty of the assumption resides not in the particle but in the context; so Ellicott (on Galatians, the passage cited; also Ephesians, the passage cited); cf. Lightfoot on Galatians, the passage cited; [Col 1:23]. Hermann's canon, though assented to by Bornemann (Cyrop. 2, 2, 3, p. 132), Stallbaum (Meno, p. 36), others, is qualified by Bäumlein (Partikeln, p. 64f), who holds that γέ often has no other effect than to emphasize the condition expressed by εἰ; cf. also Winer edition Moulton, p. 561)), if, that is to say; on the assumption that (see εἴπερ under the word εἰ, III. 13): [Eph 3:2]; [Eph 4:21]; [Col 1:23]; with καί added, if that also, if it be indeed (German wenndennauch): εἴγε (L Tr WH marginal reading εἰ περ) καί ἐνδυσάμενοι, οὐ γυμνοί εὑρεθησόμεθα if indeed we shall be found actually clothed (with a new body), not naked, [2Co 5:3] (cf. Meyer at the passage); εἴγε καί εἰκῇ namely, τοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε, if indeed, as I believe, ye have experienced such benefits in vain, and have not already received harm from your inclination to Judaism, [Gal 3:4] (yet cf. Meyer, Ellicott, Lightfoot, others at the passage).
d. εἰ δέ μήγε (or εἰ δέ μή γέ Lachmann Treg.) (also in Plato, Aristophanes, Plutarch, others; cf. Bornemann, Scholia ad Luc., p. 95; Klotz ad Devar. ii. 2, p. 527), stronger than εἰ δέ μή (Buttmann, 393 (336f); cf. Winer's Grammar, 583 (543); 605 (563); Meyer on [2Co 11:16]), a. after affirmative sentences, but unless perchance, but if not: [Mat 6:1]; [Luk 10:6]; [Luk 13:9].
b. after negative sentences, otherwise, else, in the contrary event: [Mat 9:17] [Luk 5:36]; [Luk 14:32]; [2Co 11:16].
e. καίγε (so G T, but L Tr WH καί γέ; cf. references under εἴγε above) (cf. Klotz ad Devar. ii. 1, p. 319; (Winers Grammar, 438 (408))), a. and at least: [Luk 19:42] (Tr text WH omit; L Tr marginal reading brackets).
b. and truly, yea indeed, yea and: [Act 2:18]; [Act 17:27] L T Tr WH.
f. καίτοιγε (so G T WH, but L καίτοι γέ, Tr καί τοι γέ; cf. references under c. above. Cf. Klotz ad Devar. ii. 2, p. 654; Winers Grammar, 444 (413)), although indeed, and yet indeed: [Joh 4:2]; also in [Act 14:17] (R G); Rec. g. μενουγγε see in its place. h. μήτιγε, see μήτι (and in its place).
γε ,
enclitic postpositive particle, rarer in κοινή than in cl ., giving special prominence to the word to which it is attached, distinguishing it as the least or the most important ( Thayer , s.v. ), indeed, at least, even (but not always translatable into English);
1. used alone: [Luk 11:8]; [Luk 18:5] [Rom 8:32].
2. More freq . with other particles: αλλά γε , [Luk 24:21], [1Co 9:2]; ἄρα γε , [Mat 7:20]; [Mat 17:26], [Act 17:27]; ἆρά γε , [Act 8:30]; εἴ γε ( Rec. εἴγε ), [2Co 5:3], [Gal 3:4], [Eph 3:2]; [Eph 4:21], [Col 1:23] ( v. Meyer , Ellic ., on Ga, Eph, ll . c .; Lft ., on Ga, Col, ll . c .); εἰ δὲ μήγε , following an affirmation, [Mat 6:1], [Luk 10:6]; [Luk 13:9]; a negation, [Mat 9:17], [Luk 5:36-37]; Luk 14:32 , [2Co 11:16]; καί γε ( Rec. καίγε , cl . καὶ . . . γε ), [Luk 19:42] ( WH om .), [Act 2:18]; [Act 17:27]; καίτοιγε ( L καίτοι γε , Tr . καί τοι γε ), [Joh 4:2]; μενοῦνγε ( v. s.v. ); μήτι γε , see μήτι ; ὄφελόν γε , [1Co 4:8]. †
διά - γε ( WH , διά γε ), see γέ .
μήγε , see γε .
ὅσγε = ὅς γε , see γέ .